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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Precise determination of graphene functionalization by in situ Raman spectroscopy

Author

Listed:
  • Philipp Vecera

    (Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg)

  • Julio C. Chacón-Torres

    (Institut für Experimental Physik, Freie Universität Berlin
    Yachay Tech University, School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology)

  • Thomas Pichler

    (Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna)

  • Stephanie Reich

    (Institut für Experimental Physik, Freie Universität Berlin)

  • Himadri R. Soni

    (Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU))

  • Andreas Görling

    (Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU))

  • Konstantin Edelthalhammer

    (Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg)

  • Herwig Peterlik

    (Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna)

  • Frank Hauke

    (Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg)

  • Andreas Hirsch

    (Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg)

Abstract

The verification of a successful covalent functionalization of graphene and related carbon allotropes can easily be carried out by Raman spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the unequivocal assignment and resolution of individual lattice modes associated with the covalent binding of addends was elusive up to now. Here we present an in situ Raman study of a controlled functionalization of potassium intercalated graphite, revealing several new bands appearing in the D-region of the spectrum. The evolution of these bands with increasing degree of functionalization from low to moderate levels provides a basis for the deconvolution of the different components towards quantifying the extent of functionalization. By complementary DFT calculations we were able to identify the vibrational changes in the close proximity of the addend bearing lattice carbon atoms and to assign them to specific Raman modes. The experimental in situ observation of the developing functionalization along with the reoxidation of the intercalated graphite represents an important step towards an improved understanding of the chemistry of graphene.

Suggested Citation

  • Philipp Vecera & Julio C. Chacón-Torres & Thomas Pichler & Stephanie Reich & Himadri R. Soni & Andreas Görling & Konstantin Edelthalhammer & Herwig Peterlik & Frank Hauke & Andreas Hirsch, 2017. "RETRACTED ARTICLE: Precise determination of graphene functionalization by in situ Raman spectroscopy," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-9, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:8:y:2017:i:1:d:10.1038_ncomms15192
    DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15192
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