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Structure, biosynthesis and regulation of the T1 antigen, a phase-variable surface polysaccharide conserved in many Salmonella serovars

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  • Steven D. Kelly

    (University of Guelph)

  • Mikel Jason Allas

    (University of Alberta
    Academia Sinica)

  • Lawrence D. Goodridge

    (University of Guelph)

  • Todd L. Lowary

    (University of Alberta
    Academia Sinica
    National Taiwan University)

  • Chris Whitfield

    (University of Guelph)

Abstract

The bacterial genus Salmonella includes diverse isolates with multiple variations in the structure of the main polysaccharide component (O antigen) of membrane lipopolysaccharides. In addition, some isolates produce a transient (T) antigen, such as the T1 polysaccharide identified in the 1960s in an isolate of Salmonella enterica Paratyphi B. The structure and biosynthesis of the T1 antigen have remained enigmatic. Here, we use biophysical, biochemical and genetic methods to show that the T1 antigen is a complex linear glycan containing tandem homopolymeric domains of galactofuranose and ribofuranose, linked to lipid A–core, like a typical O antigen. T1 is a phase-variable antigen, regulated by recombinational inversion of the promoter upstream of the T1 genetic locus through a mechanism not observed for other bacterial O antigens. The T1 locus is conserved across many Salmonella isolates, but is mutated or absent in most typhoidal serovars and in serovar Enteritidis.

Suggested Citation

  • Steven D. Kelly & Mikel Jason Allas & Lawrence D. Goodridge & Todd L. Lowary & Chris Whitfield, 2024. "Structure, biosynthesis and regulation of the T1 antigen, a phase-variable surface polysaccharide conserved in many Salmonella serovars," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-50957-y
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50957-y
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    1. Corinna M. Krinos & Michael J. Coyne & Katja G. Weinacht & Arthur O. Tzianabos & Dennis L. Kasper & Laurie E. Comstock, 2001. "Extensive surface diversity of a commensal microorganism by multiple DNA inversions," Nature, Nature, vol. 414(6863), pages 555-558, November.
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