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Development of high-voltage and high-energy membrane-free nonaqueous lithium-based organic redox flow batteries

Author

Listed:
  • Rajeev K. Gautam

    (University of Cincinnati)

  • Xiao Wang

    (University of Cincinnati)

  • Amir Lashgari

    (University of Cincinnati)

  • Soumalya Sinha

    (University of Cincinnati)

  • Jack McGrath

    (University of Cincinnati)

  • Rabin Siwakoti

    (University of Cincinnati)

  • Jianbing “Jimmy” Jiang

    (University of Cincinnati)

Abstract

Lithium-based nonaqueous redox flow batteries (LRFBs) are alternative systems to conventional aqueous redox flow batteries because of their higher operating voltage and theoretical energy density. However, the use of ion-selective membranes limits the large-scale applicability of LRFBs. Here, we report high-voltage membrane-free LRFBs based on an all-organic biphasic system that uses Li metal anode and 2,4,6-tri-(1-cyclohexyloxy-4-imino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine)-1,3,5-triazine (Tri-TEMPO), N-propyl phenothiazine (C3-PTZ), and tris(dialkylamino)cyclopropenium (CP) cathodes. Under static conditions, the Li||Tri-TEMPO, Li||C3-PTZ, and Li||CP batteries with 0.5 M redox-active material deliver capacity retentions of 98%, 98%, and 92%, respectively, for 100 cycles over ~55 days at the current density of 1 mA/cm2 and a temperature of 27 °C. Moreover, the Li||Tri-TEMPO (0.5 M) flow battery delivers an initial average cell discharge voltage of 3.45 V and an energy density of ~33 Wh/L. This flow battery also demonstrates 81% of capacity for 100 cycles over ~45 days with average Coulombic efficiency of 96% and energy efficiency of 82% at the current density of 1.5 mA/cm2 and at a temperature of 27 °C.

Suggested Citation

  • Rajeev K. Gautam & Xiao Wang & Amir Lashgari & Soumalya Sinha & Jack McGrath & Rabin Siwakoti & Jianbing “Jimmy” Jiang, 2023. "Development of high-voltage and high-energy membrane-free nonaqueous lithium-based organic redox flow batteries," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-40374-y
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40374-y
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bamgbopa, Musbaudeen O. & Almheiri, Saif & Sun, Hong, 2017. "Prospects of recently developed membraneless cell designs for redox flow batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 506-518.
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