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A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden

Author

Listed:
  • Sven Drefahl

    (Stockholm University)

  • Matthew Wallace

    (Stockholm University)

  • Eleonora Mussino

    (Stockholm University)

  • Siddartha Aradhya

    (Stockholm University)

  • Martin Kolk

    (Stockholm University
    Institute for Futures Studies)

  • Maria Brandén

    (Stockholm University
    Linköping University)

  • Bo Malmberg

    (Stockholm University)

  • Gunnar Andersson

    (Stockholm University)

Abstract

As global deaths from COVID-19 continue to rise, the world’s governments, institutions, and agencies are still working toward an understanding of who is most at risk of death. In this study, data on all recorded COVID-19 deaths in Sweden up to May 7, 2020 are linked to high-quality and accurate individual-level background data from administrative registers of the total population. By means of individual-level survival analysis we demonstrate that being male, having less individual income, lower education, not being married all independently predict a higher risk of death from COVID-19 and from all other causes of death. Being an immigrant from a low- or middle-income country predicts higher risk of death from COVID-19 but not for all other causes of death. The main message of this work is that the interaction of the virus causing COVID-19 and its social environment exerts an unequal burden on the most disadvantaged members of society.

Suggested Citation

  • Sven Drefahl & Matthew Wallace & Eleonora Mussino & Siddartha Aradhya & Martin Kolk & Maria Brandén & Bo Malmberg & Gunnar Andersson, 2020. "A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-7, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:11:y:2020:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-020-18926-3
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18926-3
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    Cited by:

    1. Håvard Thorsen Rydland & Joseph Friedman & Silvia Stringhini & Bruce G. Link & Terje Andreas Eikemo, 2022. "The radically unequal distribution of Covid-19 vaccinations: a predictable yet avoidable symptom of the fundamental causes of inequality," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-6, December.
    2. Antonio Diez de los Rios, 2022. "A macroeconomic model of an epidemic with silent transmission and endogenous self‐isolation," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 55(S1), pages 581-625, February.
    3. Rijpma, Auke & van Dijk, Ingrid K. & Schalk, Ruben & Zijdeman, Richard L. & Mourits, Rick J., 2022. "Unequal excess mortality during the Spanish Flu pandemic in the Netherlands," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 47(C).
    4. Brandily, Paul & Brébion, Clément & Briole, Simon & Khoury, Laura, 2021. "A poorly understood disease? The impact of COVID-19 on the income gradient in mortality over the course of the pandemic," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    5. Beatrice Kennedy & Hugo Fitipaldi & Ulf Hammar & Marlena Maziarz & Neli Tsereteli & Nikolay Oskolkov & Georgios Varotsis & Camilla A. Franks & Diem Nguyen & Lampros Spiliopoulos & Hans-Olov Adami & Jo, 2022. "App-based COVID-19 syndromic surveillance and prediction of hospital admissions in COVID Symptom Study Sweden," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    6. Martin S. Eichenbaum & Sergio Rebelo & Mathias Trabandt, 2022. "Inequality in Life and Death," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 70(1), pages 68-104, March.
    7. Berta, P. & Bratti, M. & Fiorio, C.V. & Pisoni, E. & Verzillo, S., 2021. "Administrative border effects in Covid-19 related mortality," Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers 21/21, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York.
    8. Borau, Sylvie & Couprie, Hélène & Hopfensitz, Astrid, 2022. "The prosociality of married people: Evidence from a large multinational sample," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    9. Bat Batjargal & Sarah Jack & Tomasz Mickiewicz & Erik Stam & Wouter Stam & Karl Wennberg, 2023. "Crises, Covid-19, and Entrepreneurship," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 47(3), pages 651-661, May.
    10. Egor Malkov, 2021. "Spousal Occupational Sorting and COVID-19 Incidence: Evidence from the United States," Papers 2107.14350, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2021.
    11. Hadi Alizadeh & Ayyoob Sharifi & Safiyeh Damanbagh & Hadi Nazarnia & Mohammad Nazarnia, 2023. "Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social sphere and lessons for crisis management: a literature review," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 117(3), pages 2139-2164, July.
    12. Arpino, Bruno & LUPPI, FRANCESCA & Rosina, Alessandro, 2021. "Changes in fertility plans during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: the role of occupation and income vulnerability," SocArXiv 4sjvm, Center for Open Science.
    13. Gabriele Doblhammer & Daniel Kreft & Constantin Reinke, 2021. "Regional Characteristics of the Second Wave of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and COVID-19 Deaths in Germany," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-18, October.
    14. Svenn-Erik Mamelund & Clare Shelley-Egan & Ole Rogeberg, 2021. "The association between socioeconomic status and pandemic influenza: Systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(9), pages 1-31, September.
    15. Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu & Chikasirimobi G Timothy & Raymond Langsi & Emmanuel K Abu & Piwuna Christopher Goson & Khathutshelo P Mashige & Bernadine Ekpenyong & Godwin O Ovenseri-Ogbomo & Chundung Asab, 2021. "Differences in Perceived Risk of Contracting SARS-CoV-2 during and after the Lockdown in Sub-Saharan African Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-12, October.
    16. Tara L Upshaw & Chloe Brown & Robert Smith & Melissa Perri & Carolyn Ziegler & Andrew D Pinto, 2021. "Social determinants of COVID-19 incidence and outcomes: A rapid review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(3), pages 1-22, March.
    17. Khlat, Myriam & Ghosn, Walid & Guillot, Michel & Vandentorren, Stéphanie, 2022. "Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the mortality profiles of the foreign-born in France during the first pandemic wave," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    18. Paul Brandily & Clément Brébion & Simon Briole & Laura Khoury, 2021. "A Poorly Understood Disease? The Evolution of the Income Gradient in Excess Mortality Due to COVID-19 within Urban Areas," Working Papers halshs-03154551, HAL.
    19. Svenn-Erik Mamelund & Jessica Dimka & Nan Zou Bakkeli, 2021. "Social Disparities in Adopting Non-pharmaceutical Interventions During COVID-19 in Norway," Journal of Developing Societies, , vol. 37(3), pages 302-328, September.
    20. Sá, Filipa, 2022. "Do vaccinations reduce inequality in Covid-19 mortality? Evidence from England," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    21. Elena Mazzalai & Dara Giannini & Maria Elena Tosti & Franca D’Angelo & Silvia Declich & Anissa Jaljaa & Susanna Caminada & Federica Turatto & Chiara Marchi & Angela Gatta & Aurora Angelozzi & Giulia M, 2023. "Risk of Covid-19 Severe Outcomes and Mortality in Migrants and Ethnic Minorities Compared to the General Population in the European WHO Region: a Systematic Review," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 1305-1335, September.
    22. Mikolai, Júlia & Dorey, Peter & Keenan, Katherine & Kulu, Hill, 2023. "Spatial patterns of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 mortality across waves of infection in England, Wales, and Scotland," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).

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