Structure of the human cation–chloride cotransporter NKCC1 determined by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy

The secondary active cation–chloride cotransporters (CCCs) utilize the existing Na+ and/or K+ gradients to move Cl− into or out of cells. NKCC1 is an intensively studied member of the CCC family and plays fundamental roles in regulating trans-epithelial ion movement, cell volume, chloride homeostasis and neuronal excitability. Here, we report a cryo-EM structure of human NKCC1 captured in a partially loaded, inward-open state. NKCC1 assembles into a dimer, with the first ten transmembrane (TM) helices harboring the transport core and TM11-TM12 helices lining the dimer interface. TM1 and TM6 helices break α-helical geometry halfway across the lipid bilayer where ion binding sites are organized around these discontinuous regions. NKCC1 may harbor multiple extracellular entryways and intracellular exits, raising the possibility that K+, Na+, and Cl− ions may traverse along their own routes for translocation. NKCC1 structure provides a blueprint for further probing structure–function relationships of NKCC1 and other CCCs.