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The unequal adoption of ChatGPT exacerbates existing inequalities among workers

Author

Listed:
  • Anders Humlum

    (a Microeconomics Unit, Booth School of Business , University of Chicago , Chicago IL , 60637)

  • Emilie Vestergaard

    (b Department of Economics , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 1353 , Denmark)

Abstract

We study the adoption of ChatGPT, the icon of Generative AI, using a large-scale survey linked to comprehensive register data in Denmark. Surveying 18,000 workers from 11 exposed occupations, we document that ChatGPT is widespread, especially among younger and less-experienced workers. However, substantial inequalities have emerged. Women are 16 percentage points less likely to have used the tool for work. Furthermore, despite its potential to lift workers with less expertise, users of ChatGPT earned slightly more already before its arrival, even given their lower tenure. Workers see a substantial productivity potential in ChatGPT but are often hindered by employer restrictions and a perceived need for training.

Suggested Citation

  • Anders Humlum & Emilie Vestergaard, 2025. "The unequal adoption of ChatGPT exacerbates existing inequalities among workers," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 122(1), pages 2414972121-, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:nas:journl:v:122:y:2025:p:e2414972121
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2414972121
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