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Socioeconomic privilege and political ideology are associated with racial disparity in COVID-19 vaccination

Author

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  • Ritu Agarwal

    (Department of Decision, Operations, and Information Technologies, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; Center for Health Information and Decision Systems, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742)

  • Michelle Dugas

    (Department of Decision, Operations, and Information Technologies, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; Center for Health Information and Decision Systems, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742)

  • Jui Ramaprasad

    (Department of Decision, Operations, and Information Technologies, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742)

  • Junjie Luo

    (Department of Decision, Operations, and Information Technologies, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; Center for Health Information and Decision Systems, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742)

  • Gujie Li

    (Department of Decision, Operations, and Information Technologies, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; Center for Health Information and Decision Systems, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742)

  • Guodong (Gordon) Gao

    (Department of Decision, Operations, and Information Technologies, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; Center for Health Information and Decision Systems, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742)

Abstract

Vaccine uptake is critical for mitigating the impact of COVID-19 in the United States, but structural inequities pose a serious threat to progress. Racial disparities in vaccination persist despite the increased availability of vaccines. We ask what factors are associated with such disparities. We combine data from state, federal, and other sources to estimate the relationship between social determinants of health and racial disparities in COVID-19 vaccinations at the county level. Analyzing vaccination data from 19 April 2021, when nearly half of the US adult population was at least partially vaccinated, we find associations between racial disparities in COVID-19 vaccination and median income (negative), disparity in high school education (positive), and vote share for the Republican party in the 2020 presidential election (negative), while vaccine hesitancy is not related to disparities. We examine differences in associations for COVID-19 vaccine uptake as compared with influenza vaccine. Key differences include an amplified role for socioeconomic privilege factors and political ideology, reflective of the unique societal context in which the pandemic has unfolded.

Suggested Citation

  • Ritu Agarwal & Michelle Dugas & Jui Ramaprasad & Junjie Luo & Gujie Li & Guodong (Gordon) Gao, 2021. "Socioeconomic privilege and political ideology are associated with racial disparity in COVID-19 vaccination," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118(33), pages 2107873118-, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:nas:journl:v:118:y:2021:p:e2107873118
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    Cited by:

    1. Cronin, Christopher J. & Evans, William N., 2022. "Nursing home quality, COVID-19 deaths, and excess mortality," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    2. Berman, Catherine J. & West, Taylor N. & Zhou, Jieni & Tan, Kelly R. & Prinzing, Michael M. & Fredrickson, Barbara L., 2024. "Positive emotions co-experienced with strangers and acquaintances predict COVID-19 vaccination intentions through prosocial tendencies," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 346(C).
    3. François, Abel & Gergaud, Olivier & Noury, Abdul, 2023. "Can health passport overcome political hurdles to COVID-19 vaccination?," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    4. Rajeev K. Goel & James R. Jones & James W. Saunoris, 2023. "Explaining vaccine hesitancy: A COVID‐19 study of the United States," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(2), pages 1073-1087, March.
    5. Petrovici, Norbert & Belbe, Stefana (Ștefana) & Mare, Codruta (Codruța) & Cotoi, Calin (Călin), 2023. "Hybrid health regimes: Access to primary care physicians and COVID-19 vaccine uptake across municipalities in Romania," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
    6. (Corresponding author) Valerie Gilbert Ulep & Beverly Lorraine Ho, 2022. "Strengthening The Health System To Address Inequalities In Covid-19 Vaccine Access In The Asia-Pacific Region," Asia-Pacific Sustainable Development Journal, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), vol. 29(2), pages 99-123, November.
    7. Reza Mousavi & Bin Gu, 2024. "Resilience Messaging: The Effect of Governors’ Social Media Communications on Community Compliance During a Public Health Crisis," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 35(2), pages 505-527, June.

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