IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/mgt/youmgt/v5y2007i2p193-208.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Shadow Economy in Slovenia: The Labour Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Bojan Nastav

    (University of Primorska, Slovenia)

  • Stefan Bojnec

    (University of Primorska, Slovenia)

Abstract

The all-around notorious shadow economy phenomenon is subject to constant reshaping, regarding both time and place, which results in a somewhat unclear definition. We use the following definition: all productive activities, whose output is legal, but is deliberately concealed from the authorities, usually for gaining financial benefits. Different methods of quantifying the size of the shadow economy have been developed. We focus on the labour approach, with Slovenia as the case study during the last decade. The importance of such an analysis lies in the ambiguous effects of the shadow economy and their policy implications. We found that the shadow economy that relates only to the unemployment discrepancies in Slovenia amounts on average to around 6 percent of the official economy, and tends to slightly decline over the most recent years. On the other hand, employment discrepancy and more detailed activity-level results give much higher values and even an increase in the shadow economy: on average around 20 percent in the studied period.

Suggested Citation

  • Bojan Nastav & Stefan Bojnec, 2007. "Shadow Economy in Slovenia: The Labour Approach," Managing Global Transitions, University of Primorska, Faculty of Management Koper, vol. 5(2), pages 193-208.
    • Handle: RePEc:mgt:youmgt:v:5:y:2007:i:2:p:193-208
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.fm-kp.si/zalozba/ISSN/1581-6311/5_193-208.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Friedrich Schneider, 2003. "The Development of the Shadow Economies and Shadow Labour Force of 21 OECD and 22 Transition Countries," ifo DICE Report, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 1(01), pages 17-23, February.
    2. Edgar L. Feige & Ivica Urban, 2003. "Estimating the Size and Growth of Unrecorded Economic Activity in Transition Countries: A Re-evaluation of Electric Consumption Method Estimates and their Implications," Macroeconomics 0311010, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. repec:ces:ifodic:v:1:y:2003:i:1:p:14567827 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Feige, Edgar L., 1990. "Defining and estimating underground and informal economies: The new institutional economics approach," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 18(7), pages 989-1002, July.
    5. Kaufmann, Daniel & Kaliberda, Aleksander, 1996. "Integrating the unofficial economy into the dynamics of post-socialist economies : a framework of analysis and evidence," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1691, The World Bank.
    6. Arne Jon Isachsen & Steiner Strøm, 1985. "The Size And Growth Of The Hidden Economy In Norway," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 31(1), pages 21-38, March.
    7. Friedrich Schneider, 2003. "The Development of the Shadow Economies and Shadow Labour Force of 21 OECD and 22 Transition Countries," ifo DICE Report, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 1(1), pages 17-23, 02.
    8. Trevor Breusch, 2005. "Estimating the Underground Economy using MIMIC Models," Econometrics 0507003, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 15 Dec 2005.
    9. Bojan Nastav & Å tefan Bojnec, 2007. "The Shadow Economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia: The Labor Approach," Eastern European Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(1), pages 29-58, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Josip Franic, 2019. "Undeclared Economy in Croatia during the 2004–2017 Period: Quarterly Estimates Using the MIMIC Method," Croatian Economic Survey, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, vol. 21(1), pages 5-46, June.
    2. Jože Kocjancic & Stefan Bojnec, 2011. "Analisys of the Shadow Economy in the Wood Industry," MIC 2011: Managing Sustainability? Proceedings of the 12th International Conference, Portorož, 23–26 November 2011 [Selected Papers],, University of Primorska, Faculty of Management Koper.
    3. Péter Elek & János Köllő, 2019. "Eliciting permanent and transitory undeclared work from matched administrative and survey data," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 46(3), pages 547-576, August.
    4. Helmut Herwartz & Friedrich Schneider & Egle Tafenau, 2011. "Regional Patterns of the Shadow Economy: Modelling Issues and Evidence from the European Union," Chapters, in: Friedrich Schneider (ed.), Handbook on the Shadow Economy, chapter 6, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    5. Wei Han, 2020. "The analysis on Chinese e-commerce tax losses based on the perspective of information asymmetry," Electronic Commerce Research, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 651-677, September.
    6. Adriana AnaMaria DAVIDESCU (ALEXANDRU), 2014. "Estimating The Size Of Romanian Shadow Economy. A Labour Approach," Journal of Social and Economic Statistics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, vol. 3(1), pages 25-37, JULY.
    7. Mohammad Javad Razmi & Arash Jamalmanesh, 2014. "How Political Indices Affect The Shadow Economy," Romanian Economic Business Review, Romanian-American University, vol. 9(1), pages 45-55, March.
    8. Søndergaard, J., 2023. "Undeclared Danish Labor: Using the labor input method with linked individual-level tax data to estimate undeclared work in Denmark," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 708-730.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Luisanna Onnis & Patrizio Tirelli, 2010. "Challenging the popular wisdom. New estimates of the unobserved economy," Working Papers 184, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, revised Apr 2010.
    2. Feige, Edgar L., 2015. "Reflections on the meaning and measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the “Shadow Economy”?," MPRA Paper 68466, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Oksana Nezhyvenko, 2018. "Informal Employment in Ukraine and European Union Transition Countries," Erudite Ph.D Dissertations, Erudite, number ph18-03 edited by Philippe Adair.
    4. Branimir Jovanovic, 2015. "Kalman Filter Estimation of the Unrecorded Economy in Macedonia," Working Papers 2015-02, National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia.
    5. Schneider Friedrich & Buehn Andreas, 2017. "Shadow Economy: Estimation Methods, Problems, Results and Open questions," Open Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 1(1), pages 1-29, March.
    6. Friedrich Schneider & Andreas Buehn & Claudio E. Montenegro, 2011. "Shadow Economies All Over the World: New Estimates for 162 Countries from 1999 to 2007," Chapters, in: Friedrich Schneider (ed.), Handbook on the Shadow Economy, chapter 1, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    7. Friedrich Schneider & Friedrich Schneider, 2008. "Shadow Economies and Corruption all over the World: What do we Really Know?," Chapters, in: Michael Pickhardt & Edward Shinnick (ed.), The Shadow Economy, Corruption and Governance, chapter 7, pages 122-187, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    8. Feige, Edgar L. & Urban, Ivica, 2008. "Measuring underground (unobserved, non-observed, unrecorded) economies in transition countries: Can we trust GDP?," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 287-306, June.
    9. Pasovic Edin & Efendic Adnan S., 2018. "Informal Economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina – An Empirical Investigation," South East European Journal of Economics and Business, Sciendo, vol. 13(2), pages 112-125, December.
    10. Edward Christie & Uwe Dulleck & Neil Foster-McGregor & Mario Holzner & Pawel Kowalewski & Robert Stehrer & Julia Wörz, 2003. "Monthly Report 08-09/2003," wiiw Monthly Reports 2003-08-09, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
    11. Luisanna Onnis & Patrizio Tirelli, 2011. "Institutions, policies and economic development. What are the causes of the shadow economy?," Working Papers 206, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, revised Mar 2011.
    12. Joel Slemrod & Caroline Weber, 2012. "Evidence of the invisible: toward a credibility revolution in the empirical analysis of tax evasion and the informal economy," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 19(1), pages 25-53, February.
    13. Stanisław Cichocki, 2006. "Metody pomiaru szarej strefy," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 1-2, pages 37-61.
    14. Roberto Dell'Anno & Ferda Halicioglu, 2010. "An ARDL model of unrecorded and recorded economies in Turkey," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 37(6), pages 627-646, November.
    15. Edward Christie & Mario Holzner, 2004. "Household Tax Compliance and the Shadow Economy in Central and Southeastern Europe," wiiw Balkan Observatory Working Papers 38, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
    16. Colin C. Williams & Friedrich Schneider, 2016. "Measuring the Global Shadow Economy," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 16551.
    17. Edward Christie & Mario Holzner, 2005. "Household Tax Compliance in Albania," wiiw Research Reports 316, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
    18. Putniņš, Tālis J. & Sauka, Arnis, 2015. "Measuring the shadow economy using company managers," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), pages 471-490.
    19. repec:ces:ifodic:v:14:y:2017:i:4:p:19267788 is not listed on IDEAS
    20. Gemmell, Norman & Hasseldine, John, 2012. "The Tax Gap: A Methodological Review," Working Paper Series 18717, Victoria University of Wellington, Chair in Public Finance.
    21. Friedrich Schneider & Robert Klinglmair, 2004. "Shadow economies around the world: what do we know?," Economics working papers 2004-03, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    shadow economy; indirect methods; employment discrepancies; labour approach;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • E26 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Informal Economy; Underground Economy

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:mgt:youmgt:v:5:y:2007:i:2:p:193-208. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Alen Jezovnik (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/fmkupsi.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.