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Financial Regulations, Financial Literacy, and Financial Inclusion: Insights from Kenya

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  • Odongo Kodongo

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between financial regulation and financial inclusion in Kenya. Employing Probit regression on cross-sectional household level survey data and fixed effect regression on banks panel data, we find that: (i) agency banking regulations and financial literacy could improve formal financial access, and (ii) know-your-customers rules and capital and liquidity macro-prudential regulations could harm financial inclusion. Results are robust to alternative specifications. Given our findings, Kenya should boost financial literacy efforts, relax customer identification requirements in specific instances where they may jeopardize financial inclusion efforts, and stabilize macroeconomic environment to mitigate unintended adverse effects of macro-prudential regulations.

Suggested Citation

  • Odongo Kodongo, 2018. "Financial Regulations, Financial Literacy, and Financial Inclusion: Insights from Kenya," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(12), pages 2851-2873, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:mes:emfitr:v:54:y:2018:i:12:p:2851-2873
    DOI: 10.1080/1540496X.2017.1418318
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    Cited by:

    1. Anarfo, Ebenezer Bugri & Abor, Joshua Yindenaba & osei, Kofi Achampong, 2020. "Financial regulation and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does financial stability play a moderating role?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    2. Claude Bernard Lontchi & Baochen Yang & Yunpeng Su, 2022. "The Mediating Effect of Financial Literacy and the Moderating Role of Social Capital in the Relationship between Financial Inclusion and Sustainable Development in Cameroon," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-24, November.
    3. João Jungo & Mara Madaleno & Anabela Botelho, 2022. "Financial Regulation, Financial Inclusion and Competitiveness in the Banking Sector in SADC and SAARC Countries: The Moderating Role of Financial Stability," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-24, March.
    4. Francis William Mmari & Saganga Mussa Kapaya, 2022. "Financial service access and agriculture commercialization of smallholder rice growers in Kilombero District: The moderating role of institutional cultural cognitive," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 11(8), pages 409-418, November.
    5. Besong, Susan Enyang & Okanda, Tellma Longy & Ndip, Simon Arrey, 2022. "An empirical analysis of the impact of banking regulations on sustainable financial inclusion in the CEMAC region," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 46(1).
    6. Morshadul Hasan & Thuhid Noor & Jiechao Gao & Muhammad Usman & Mohammad Zoynul Abedin, 2023. "Rural Consumers’ Financial Literacy and Access to FinTech Services," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 14(2), pages 780-804, June.
    7. Evgenii Zimin & Maria Semenova, 2022. "Profitability And Bank De-Branching In The Digital Age: Evidence From Russian Regions," HSE Working papers WP BRP 90/FE/2022, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
    8. Thereza Balliester Reis & Vincent Mugo Kamau, 2023. "Are low-income workers financially irresponsible? An analysis of financial and accounting practices in Nairobi," Working Papers 260, Department of Economics, SOAS University of London, UK.
    9. repec:igg:jamtr0:v:4:y:2022:i:1:p:1-13 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. David Mhlanga & Steven Henry Dunga, 2020. "Measuring Financial Inclusion and its Determinants among the Smallholder Farmers in Zimbabwe: An Empirical Study," Eurasian Journal of Business and Management, Eurasian Publications, vol. 8(3), pages 266-281.
    11. Yussif Issaka Jajah & Ebenezer B. Anarfo & Felix K. Aveh, 2022. "Financial inclusion and bank profitability in Sub‐Saharan Africa," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(1), pages 32-44, January.
    12. Isaac Ofoeda & Lordina Amoah & Ebenezer Bugri Anarfo & Joshua Yindenaba Abor, 2024. "Financial inclusion and economic growth: What roles do institutions and financial regulation play?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 832-848, January.
    13. Kumar Debasis Dutta & Mallika Saha, 2021. "Nexus of governance, macroprudential policy and financial risk: cross-country evidence," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 54(4), pages 1253-1298, November.
    14. Kodongo, Odongo, 2023. "Does the fintech ecosystem promote effective financial inclusion in Kenya?," KBA Centre for Research on Financial Markets and Policy Working Paper Series 70, Kenya Bankers Association (KBA).
    15. Raksmey, Uch & Lin, Ching-Yang & Kakinaka, Makoto, 2022. "Macroprudential regulation and financial inclusion: Any difference between developed and developing countries?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    16. Kodongo, Odongo, 2024. "Bank performance and real sector productivity in East Africa," KBA Centre for Research on Financial Markets and Policy Working Paper Series 77, Kenya Bankers Association (KBA).
    17. Azra Zaimovic & Anes Torlakovic & Almira Arnaut-Berilo & Tarik Zaimovic & Lejla Dedovic & Minela Nuhic Meskovic, 2023. "Mapping Financial Literacy: A Systematic Literature Review of Determinants and Recent Trends," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-30, June.
    18. repec:fst:rfsisf:v:8:y:2023:i:special-june_2023:p:129-150 is not listed on IDEAS
    19. Ancuța Lucaci & Carmen Năstase, 2023. "Financial literacy and employment: an overview and bibliometric analysis," Journal of Financial Studies, Institute of Financial Studies, vol. 14(8), pages 129-150, June.
    20. Hela Borgi & Fatma Mabrouk & Jihen Bousrih & Mohamed Mehdi Mekni, 2023. "Environmental Change and Inclusive Finance: Does Governance Quality Matter for African Countries?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    21. Ali Raza & Guangji Tong & Vasilii Erokhin & Alexey Bobryshev & Lyubov Chaykovskaya & Natalya Malinovskaya, 2023. "Sustaining Performance of Wheat–Rice Farms in Pakistan: The Effects of Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-19, April.
    22. Kassouri, Yacouba & Kacou, Kacou Yves Thierry, 2022. "Does the structure of credit markets affect agricultural development in West African countries?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 588-601.
    23. Morshadul Hasan & Thi Le & Ariful Hoque, 2021. "How does financial literacy impact on inclusive finance?," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 7(1), pages 1-23, December.

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