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Towards Robust Invariant Commutative Watermarking-Encryption Based on Image Histograms

Author

Listed:
  • Roland Schmitz

    (Stuttgart Media University, Stuttgart, Germany)

  • Shujun Li

    (University of Surrey, Guildford, UK)

  • Christos Grecos

    (Independent Imaging Consultant, Glasgow, UK)

  • Xinpeng Zhang

    (Shanghai University, Shanghai, China)

Abstract

Invariant Commutative Watermarking-Encryption means to use a cipher that does not have any impact on a certain feature space, which can thus be used for embedding watermarks either before or after encryption. For example, histogram-based watermarking schemes are invariant to pixel permutations and can be combined with permutation-based ciphers to form a Commutative Watermarking-Encryption (CWE) scheme. However, typical histogram-based watermarking schemes based on comparison of histogram bins are prone to de-synchronization attacks, where the whole histogram is shifted by a certain amount. In this paper the authors investigate the possibility to avoid this kind of attacks by synchronizing the embedding and detection processes, using the mean of the histogram as a calibration point. The resulting watermarking scheme is resistant to three common types of shifts of the histogram, while the advantages of previous histogram-based schemes, especially commutativity of watermarking and permutation-based encryption, are preserved. The authors also report on the results of testing robustness of the scheme against JPEG and JPEG2000 compression.

Suggested Citation

  • Roland Schmitz & Shujun Li & Christos Grecos & Xinpeng Zhang, 2014. "Towards Robust Invariant Commutative Watermarking-Encryption Based on Image Histograms," International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management (IJMDEM), IGI Global, vol. 5(4), pages 36-52, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:igg:jmdem0:v:5:y:2014:i:4:p:36-52
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