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Core labour standards, Bilateral and Multilateral Trade

Author

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  • Jean-Marc Siroën

    (Université Paris Dauphine, PSL Research University, IRD, DIAL (Paris, Francia))

Abstract

Core labour standards defined by the ILO in 1998 are universal but applied very differently across countries. Compliance is much higher in high income countries. However, the causality between improved labour standards and economic growth remains a controversial issue. Export-led growth strategies might encourage developing countries to curb the process of standards improvement. In this way, they can raise the volume of their unskilled labour endowments (child and/or forced labour) in order to strengthen their comparative advantage over compliant countries. We use a gravity model to assess the trade impact of the level of compliance with core labour standards, distinguishing the effects on bilateral trade (geographical specialization) from the multilateral effects. We show that countries that meet the labour standards tend to trade more with each other, while non-compliant countries tend to trade more with compliant countries. These effects are identified mainly with respect to child labour and freedom of association. Countries that meet labour standards tend to be less open, but differently depending on the standards, with a non-linear relationship for some of them. Less compliant countries may simultaneously step up their trade and labour standards. For median countries, mainly the emerging countries, the level of compliance with labour standards is “optimal”. / Los estándares laborales mínimos definidos por la OIT en 1998 son universales pero se aplican de manera muy diferente en los distintos países. El cumplimiento es mucho más alto en los países de altos ingresos. Sin embargo, la causalidad entre la mejora de las normas laborales y el crecimiento económico sigue siendo un tema controvertido. Las estrategias de crecimiento dirigidas por las exportaciones pueden alentar a los países en desarrollo a frenar el proceso de mejora de las normas. De esta forma, pueden aumentar el volumen de sus dotaciones de mano de obra no calificada (trabajo infantil y / o forzado) a fin de fortalecer su ventaja comparativa sobre los países que cumplen con los requisitos. Utilizamos un modelo de gravedad para evaluar el impacto comercial del nivel de cumplimiento de las normas laborales fundamentales, distinguiendo los efectos sobre el comercio bilateral (especialización geográfica) de los efectos multilaterales. Mostramos que los países que cumplen con las normas laborales tienden a comerciar más entre sí, mientras que los países que no cumplen tienden a comerciar más con los países que cumplen con los requisitos. Estos efectos se identifican principalmente con respecto al trabajo infantil y la libertad de asociación. Los países que cumplen con los estándares laborales tienden a ser menos abiertos, pero de manera diferente dependiendo de los estándares, con una relación no lineal para algunos de ellos. Los países menos dóciles pueden al mismo tiempo intensificar sus normas comerciales y laborales. Para los países medianos, principalmente los países emergentes, el nivel de cumplimiento de las normas laborales es "óptimo".

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Marc Siroën, 2016. "Core labour standards, Bilateral and Multilateral Trade," Revista de Economía y Estadística, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Instituto de Economía y Finanzas, vol. 54(1), pages 59-83, Diciembre.
  • Handle: RePEc:ief:reveye:v:54:y:2016:i:1:p:59-83
    DOI: 10.55444/2451.7321.2016.v54.n1.20291
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    Keywords

    Exports; International Trade; Labour Standards; ILO; Gravity Models.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F13 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • F16 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
    • F53 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
    • F6 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization
    • J8 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Standards

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