Motivational paradox: a Delphi study to reach a consensus knowledge regarding individual vs. team motivation in the context of project-based organisations

Motivation can have paradoxical effects on the performance of projects and their outcomes. The aim of this study is to develop an effective system of motivation in the context of project-based organisations. The responses were captured through a four-round of online-Delphi. The study finds a strong reciprocal relationship between the motivation at individual level and motivation at team level, since the sub-objectives that individuals pursue are likely to be strongly related to each other and contribute to the goal that the team mutually generates and pursues. Motivation at individual and team level is correspondingly consistent in terms of three main aspects: goal-generation, goal-striving and motivational-states. Thus, an inclusive conceptualisation of motivation within the project team requires a multilevel-approach of horizontal and vertical alignments of motivational objectives and practices. This could be attained by developing an appropriate project structure and team process that can maximise individuals' contributions and minimise the inter-conflict.