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Defense Spending and Income Inequality: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries

Author

Listed:
  • M.T. Hirnissa
  • Muzafar Habibullah
  • A.H. Baharom

Abstract

This paper examines the causality between defense spending and income inequality in selected Asian countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, India and South Korea for the period 1970-2005. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure is employed to (1) analyze the impact of defense spending on income inequality and (2) the impact of income inequality on defense spending as well. Interestingly our results indicate one way causality running from defense spending to income inequality only for the case of Malaysia and bidirectional causality for the case of Singapore. As for the remaining countries, no meaningful relationship could be detected and it can be seen as sign of good governance in these countries.

Suggested Citation

  • M.T. Hirnissa & Muzafar Habibullah & A.H. Baharom, 2009. "Defense Spending and Income Inequality: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries," Modern Applied Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 3(5), pages 1-96, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:ibn:masjnl:v:3:y:2009:i:5:p:96
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yousif Khalifa Al-Yousif, 2002. "Defense Spending and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Evidence from the Arab Gulf Region," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(3), pages 187-197.
    2. Wayne Nafziger, E. & Auvinen, Juha, 2002. "Economic Development, Inequality, War, and State Violence," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 153-163, February.
    3. Anindya Banerjee & Juan Dolado & Ricardo Mestre, 1998. "Error‐correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single‐equation Framework," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(3), pages 267-283, May.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Arshian Sharif & Sahar Afshan, 2018. "Does Military Spending Impede Income Inequality? A Comparative Study of Pakistan and India," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 19(2), pages 257-279, April.
    2. Antonella Biscione & Raul Caruso, 2021. "Military Expenditures and Income Inequality Evidence from a Panel of Transition Countries (1990-2015)," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(1), pages 46-67, January.
    3. Raihan, Selim, 2022. "What Does Data on Functional Income Distribution tell us about Trends in and Correlates of Income Inequality in The Asia-Pacific?," Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, vol. 56(3), pages 45-64.
    4. Caruso Raul & Antonella Biscione, 2022. "Militarization and Income Inequality in European Countries (2000–2017)," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 28(3), pages 267-285, September.
    5. Yemane Wolde-Rufael, 2016. "Defence Spending and Income Inequality in Taiwan," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(6), pages 871-884, November.
    6. Biyase, Mduduzi & Eita, Hinaunye & Udimal, Thomas & Zwane, Talent, 2022. "Military Spending and Inequality in South Africa: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach to Cointegration," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 75(2), pages 241-268.
    7. Unal Tongur & Sara Hsu & Adem Yavuz Elveren, 2013. "Military Expenditures and Political Regimes: An Analysis Using Global Data, 1963-2001," ERC Working Papers 1307, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University, revised Jul 2013.
    8. Unal Tongur & Adem Yavuz Elveren, 2012. "Military Expenditures, Inequality, and Welfare and Political Regimes: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis," ERC Working Papers 1210, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University, revised Dec 2012.
    9. Ying Zhang & Rui Wang & Dongqi Yao, 2017. "Does defence expenditure have a spillover effect on income inequality? A cross-regional analysis in China," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(6), pages 731-749, November.
    10. Muhammad, Shahbaz & Reza, Sherafatian-Jahromi & Muhammad, Nasir Malik, 2012. "Linkages between Defence Spending and Income Inequality in Iran," MPRA Paper 41983, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Oct 2012.
    11. Yemane Wolde-Rufael, 2016. "Military expenditure and income distribution in South Korea," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(4), pages 571-581, August.
    12. Hinaunye Eita & Mduduzi Biyase & Thomas Udimal & Talent Zwane, 2022. "Does military spending affect inequality in South Africa? A revisit," Economics Working Papers edwrg-03-2022, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, revised 2022.
    13. Raihan, Selim, 2021. "Functional Income Distribution and Inequality in the Asia-Pacific Countries," MPRA Paper 110469, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. çenberci, engin, 2018. "Defense Expenditures and Income Inequality: Evidence from Chosen Euro Using Countries," MPRA Paper 97946, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • R00 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General - - - General
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

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