Modeling the Factors Associated with Incomplete Immunization among Children

Immunization is a precautionary measure that helps to stop diseases before their occurrence. Vaccine-preventable diseases are a primary cause of death among children under the age of five in many developing nations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunization status and associated demographic characteristics among children aged 12–23 months in Punjab, Pakistan. The study used the data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) for Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from caregivers using interviewer-administered questionnaires. To summarize the data, descriptive statistics are computed, and logistic regression is used to identify the significant factors that are responsible for complete immunization among the children in Punjab. Odds ratios, 95% CI, and Chi-square statistics were computed to identify the factors associated with no or partial immunization. The prevalence of complete immunization coverage was 89.1%. Women in the rich wealth quantile had the highest odds of completing the immunization for their children (AOR = 2.314; 95% CI: 1.642–3.261) compared to those who are poor. Those in rural areas were more likely to fully vaccinate their children (AOR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.232–1.925) compared to those in urban areas. Those in the highest level of the educational group (AOR = 2.639; 95% CI: 1.800–3.87) are more likely to complete vaccination for their children compared to those with no formal education. However, female children are less likely to complete immunization compared to male children (AOR = 0.813; 95% CI: 0.687–0.963). The immunization status of children shows a significant association with maternal education, wealth status, and area of residence.