A Variational Principle for the Steady-State Heat Transfer Process in a Rigid Continuous Mixture

The subject of this paper is the steady-state heat transfer process in a rigid mixture with continuous constituents, each of them representing a given continuous body. A continuous mixture consists of a convenient representation for bodies composed by several different materials or phases, in which the actual interfaces do not allow an adequate Classical Continuum Mechanics approach, once that the boundary conditions make the mathematical description of the problem unfeasible (as for instance in reinforced concrete, polymer strengthened concrete, and porous media). The phenomenon is mathematically described by a set of partial differential equations coupled by temperature-dependent terms that play the role of internal energy sources. These internal energy sources arise because, at each spatial point, there are different temperatures, each one associated with one constituent of the mixture. The coupling among the partial differential equations arises from the thermal interchange among continua in a thermal nonequilibrium context (different temperature levels). In this work, it is presented a functional whose minimization is equivalent to the solution of the original steady-state problem (variational principle). The features of this functional give rise to proofs of solution existence and solution uniqueness. It is remarkable that, with the functional to be proposed here, instead of solving a system of coupled partial differential equations, we need to look only for the minimum of a single functional.