SPH-Based Analysis on the Lateral Response of Pipe Culverts in the Flowing Process of Liquefied Sand

This study proposes a solid-fluid-coupled Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics model to investigate the behavior of pipe in the liquefied sand after failure. In this model, the liquefied soil is simulated as a Bingham fluid material combined with the equivalent Newtonian viscosity. Then the pipe culvert is treated as an elastic solid material, and the culvert-soil interaction is assumed as the solid-fluid coupling force. Verification has been conducted through a dam-break model to demonstrate the accuracy of simulating the flow behavior of liquefied sand. At the same time, the applicability of the SPH simulation in the two-phase-coupled force has been checked compared with previous researches. After that, parametric studies are performed on the lateral force and movement of pipe culverts in the flowing sand. The derived results demonstrate that the culvert size and buried depth are the significant factors when estimating the maximum lateral force of culvert-soil system, while the slope angle severely affects the run-out distance of culvert and the velocity of flowing sand.