Application of a Filler in the Form of Micronized Chalcedonite to Biodegradable Materials Based on Thermoplastic Starch as an Element of the Sustainable Development of Polymeric Materials

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is one of the most-used biodegradable materials, alongside polylactide (PLA), and is a promising alternative to traditional plastics. However, unmodified TPS has processing limitations due to its mechanical properties and susceptibility to moisture. Modern TPS modifications often lead to the loss of its full biodegradability, which limits its contribution to reducing polymer waste and the circular economy. This article presents a novel TPS-based material enriched with micronized chalcedonite, which improves the mechanical properties of the composite while maintaining biodegradability. An assessment of processing in injection molding technology and tests of strength, hardness, impact strength, and water absorption depending on the filler content were carried out. The results obtained indicate that the use of chalcedonite not only strengthens the material structure but also contributes to reducing the demand for synthetic additives, which can reduce the amount of difficult-to-dispose polymer waste. The development of more durable and fully biodegradable materials based on TPS is a step towards sustainable development, enabling the reduction in plastic in the environment and supporting the idea of a circular economy. The research results open new perspectives for ecological composites that can be used in various industrial sectors, reducing the negative impact of plastics on the environment.