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Adsorption of Lead (Pb(II)) from Contaminated Water onto Activated Carbon: Kinetics, Isotherms, Thermodynamics, and Modeling by Artificial Intelligence

Author

Listed:
  • Badr Abd El-wahaab

    (Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt)

  • Walaa H. El-Shwiniy

    (Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia)

  • Raid Alrowais

    (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi Arabia
    Sustainable Development Research and Innovation Center, Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi Arabia)

  • Basheer M. Nasef

    (Network Systems Management Department, Faculty of Applied College, Shaqra University, Al Quwaiiyah 11961, Saudi Arabia
    Computer and Systems Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt)

  • Noha Said

    (Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt)

Abstract

Heavy metals, extensively used in various industrial applications, are among the most significant environmental pollutants due to their hazardous effects on human health and other living organisms. Removing these pollutants from the environment is essential. In this study, activated carbon (AC) (Carbon C) was employed to eliminate Pb(II) from water. The optimal removal conditions were determined as follows: a 50 mg dose of activated carbon, an initial Pb(II) concentration of 100 mg/L, pH 4, a temperature of 30 °C, and a contact time of 60 min Under these conditions, activated carbon achieved a Pb(II) removal efficiency of approximately 97.86%. The adsorption data for Pb(II) closely aligned with the 2nd-order kinetic model, and the equilibrium data were effectively described by the Langmuir isotherm equation. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II), as determined by the Langmuir model, was 48.75 mg/g. These methods were successfully applied to remove Pb(II) from various environmental and industrial wastewater samples. To accurately predict the percentage of Pb(II) removal based on parameters such as pollutant type, carbon dosage, pH, initial concentration, temperature, and treatment duration, feed-forward neural networks (FFNNs) were utilized. The FFNN model demonstrated outstanding predictive accuracy, achieving a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.03 and an R 2 value of 0.996.

Suggested Citation

  • Badr Abd El-wahaab & Walaa H. El-Shwiniy & Raid Alrowais & Basheer M. Nasef & Noha Said, 2025. "Adsorption of Lead (Pb(II)) from Contaminated Water onto Activated Carbon: Kinetics, Isotherms, Thermodynamics, and Modeling by Artificial Intelligence," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:5:p:2131-:d:1603280
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