Simulated Multi-Scenario Analysis of Land Use and Carbon Stock Dynamics in the Yiluo River Basin Using the PLUS-InVEST Model

Rapid human development has altered land use types, significantly impacting carbon stock, and poor land use will lead to an increase in carbon emissions and exacerbate climate change. Understanding the relationship between land use changes and carbon storage is critical for developing sustainable land management strategies that support carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. In this study, we analyzed and processed the land use transition changes from 1990 to 2020 and calculated the corresponding carbon storage. Based on the patterns of change and influencing factors (elevation, slope, soil type, GDP, population density, etc.), we predicted the future changes in land use and carbon storage in the Yiluo River Basin under different social development scenarios. It was found that due to the severe impact of natural factors, from 1990 to 2020, the area of cultivated land and grassland decreased by 1150.04 km 2 and 936.66 km 2 , respectively, and the area of forested land and built-up area expanded by 1087.84 km 2 and 969.26 km 2 , respectively. Carbon stocks in the region decreased between 1990 and 2010, followed by a modest recovery from 2010 to 2020, resulting in a total reduction of approximately 2.188 × 10 6 t. Spatially, carbon stocks diminished in the eastern part but increased in the western part. To assess the long-term sustainability implications, the study simulated four future development scenarios for human society: natural development, urban development, ecological protection, and water conservation. The results showed that in the urban expansion scenario, the proportion of construction land increased significantly, while the ecological protection scenario led to a substantial expansion of forested areas. Notably, carbon stocks showed a significant increase only under the ecological protection scenario, whereas they exhibited a declining trend in all other scenarios.