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Raw and Calcined Eggshells as P-Reactive Materials in a Circular Economy Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Agnieszka Bus

    (Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Kamila Budzanowska

    (Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Agnieszka Karczmarczyk

    (Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Anna Baryła

    (Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is a crucial factor influencing both plant growth and the enrichment of the aquatic environment. Agriculture is the primary sector of the economy where the demand for phosphorus is the highest. Due to the depletion of P, more and more attention is being paid to the possibility of recovering and reusing P through the idea of a circular economy (CE). The main objective of this study was to compare raw eggshells (R-ESs) and calcined eggshells (C-ESs) for P removal from wastewater and assess the possible use of agro-waste materials according to CE requirements in non-flow conditions. A synthetic indicator, the zeroed unitarization method, was calculated to evaluate the critical aspects of materials according to the CE. The sorption of R-ESs and C-ESs equaled 0.90 and 1.66 mgP-PO 4 /g for an initial concentration of 17.3 mgP-PO 4 /L. The C-ESs were characterized by an almost two times higher reduction rate than R-ESs. The calculated indicator for the CE requirements equaled 0.89 and 0.72 for R-ESs and C-ESs, respectively. This means that R-ESs are more sustainable than C-ESs. Although C-ESs potentially have a more significant environmental impact, it is worth considering that this method of P elimination is beneficial from an ecological perspective.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnieszka Bus & Kamila Budzanowska & Agnieszka Karczmarczyk & Anna Baryła, 2025. "Raw and Calcined Eggshells as P-Reactive Materials in a Circular Economy Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-19, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:3:p:1191-:d:1581996
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Quina, Margarida J. & Soares, Micaela A.R. & Quinta-Ferreira, Rosa, 2017. "Applications of industrial eggshell as a valuable anthropogenic resource," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 176-186.
    2. Adam Senetra & Katarzyna Pawlewicz & Adam Pawlewicz, 2019. "The Dynamics of Changes and Spatial Differences in the Synthetic Indicator for Evaluating Environmental Performance in Poland: Current State," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-23, November.
    3. Menghan Feng & Mengmeng Li & Lisheng Zhang & Yuan Luo & Di Zhao & Mingyao Yuan & Keqiang Zhang & Feng Wang, 2022. "Oyster Shell Modified Tobacco Straw Biochar: Efficient Phosphate Adsorption at Wide Range of pH Values," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-14, June.
    4. Grzegorz Dumieński & Agnieszka Mruklik & Andrzej Tiukało & Marta Bedryj, 2020. "The Comparative Analysis of the Adaptability Level of Municipalities in the Nysa K?odzka Sub-Basin to Flood Hazard," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-23, April.
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