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Does Social Distancing Affect the Stress Reduction and Attention Restoration of College Students in Different Natural Settings?

Author

Listed:
  • Liying Zhu

    (College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350001, China)

  • Sining Dong

    (College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350001, China)

  • Xin Chen

    (College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350001, China)

  • Qingqing Zhou

    (College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Fangying Li

    (College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350001, China)

  • Guangyu Wang

    (Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada)

Abstract

The restorative benefits of the natural environment are crucial for human well-being and sustainable development. Although stress reduction and attention restoration through natural exposure have been quantified through physiological and psychological pathways, numerous studies have intentionally constructed idealized natural settings devoid of individuals to minimize interference. This deliberate approach has raised concerns about the accuracy of these restorative results, as real-world settings invariably involve other people. To address this issue, we designed and executed a randomized controlled experiment. By measuring physiological and psychological indicators and utilizing a two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc comparison, we explored the restorative potential of natural settings within seven distinct social distances across five landscape types in virtual reality environments. The results revealed that beyond a social distance of 3.8 m, the presence of people had minimal impact on stress reduction, with attention restoration effects remaining consistently positive. Optimal physiological and psychological restoration is achieved when the social distance exceeded 20 m. Further exploration is warranted to elucidate the influence of landscape types on the restoration of natural environments. The findings provide valuable insights for the planning and design of restorative natural settings, supporting research endeavors aimed at improving human health and well-being and allowing for sustainable management.

Suggested Citation

  • Liying Zhu & Sining Dong & Xin Chen & Qingqing Zhou & Fangying Li & Guangyu Wang, 2024. "Does Social Distancing Affect the Stress Reduction and Attention Restoration of College Students in Different Natural Settings?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-18, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:8:p:3274-:d:1375614
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Arne Arnberger & Renate Eder & Brigitte Allex & Martin Ebenberger & Hans-Peter Hutter & Peter Wallner & Nicole Bauer & Johann G. Zaller & Thomas Frank, 2018. "Health-Related Effects of Short Stays at Mountain Meadows, a River and an Urban Site—Results from a Field Experiment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-19, November.
    2. Tian Gao & Tian Zhang & Ling Zhu & Yanan Gao & Ling Qiu, 2019. "Exploring Psychophysiological Restoration and Individual Preference in the Different Environments Based on Virtual Reality," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-14, August.
    3. Yun Shu & Chengzhao Wu & Yujia Zhai, 2022. "Impacts of Landscape Type, Viewing Distance, and Permeability on Anxiety, Depression, and Stress," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-22, August.
    4. Gerhard Reese & Elias Kohler & Claudia Menzel, 2021. "Restore or Get Restored: The Effect of Control on Stress Reduction and Restoration in Virtual Nature Settings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-10, February.
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