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Concepts for the Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Processing of End-of-Life Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Batteries

Author

Listed:
  • Marius Müller

    (Institute of Mineral and Waste Processing, Recycling and Circular Economy Systems, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany)

  • Hüseyin Eren Obuz

    (Institute of Mineral and Waste Processing, Recycling and Circular Economy Systems, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany)

  • Sebastian Keber

    (Institute of Mineral and Waste Processing, Recycling and Circular Economy Systems, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany)

  • Firat Tekmanli

    (Institute of Mineral and Waste Processing, Recycling and Circular Economy Systems, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany)

  • Luka Nils Mettke

    (Institute of Mineral and Waste Processing, Recycling and Circular Economy Systems, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany)

  • Bengi Yagmurlu

    (Institute of Mineral and Waste Processing, Recycling and Circular Economy Systems, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany)

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries with an LFP cell chemistry are experiencing strong growth in the global battery market. Consequently, a process concept has been developed to recycle and recover critical raw materials, particularly graphite and lithium. The developed process concept consists of a thermal pretreatment to remove organic solvents and binders, flotation for anode–cathode separation, and hydrometallurgical processes for product recovery. It has been shown that a pretreatment step is necessary for efficient flotation. By increasing the thermal treatment temperatures up to 450 °C, recovery rates of up to 73% are achieved. Similar positive effects are observed with leaching, where leaching efficiencies increase with higher treatment temperatures up to 400 °C. The results indicate that the thermal treatment of the black mass significantly influences both flotation and hydrometallurgical processes.

Suggested Citation

  • Marius Müller & Hüseyin Eren Obuz & Sebastian Keber & Firat Tekmanli & Luka Nils Mettke & Bengi Yagmurlu, 2024. "Concepts for the Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Processing of End-of-Life Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Batteries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-18, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:24:p:11267-:d:1550133
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    Cited by:

    1. Muhammad Shajih Zafar & Pejman Salimi & Marco Ricci & Jasim Zia & Remo Proietti Zaccaria, 2025. "Environmentally Sustainable Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries Derived from Cattle Bone Waste: A Full-Cell Analysis with a LiFePO 4 Cathode," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-14, March.

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