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Sustainable Stabilizer Derived from Calcium- and Phosphorus-Rich Biowaste for Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil: A Critical Review

Author

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  • Dibya Kanti Datta

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA)

  • Tandra Biswas

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA)

  • Elli Castonguay

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA)

  • Pan Ni

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA)

Abstract

Soil pollution by heavy metals (HMs) is a major environmental problem around the world. The addition of biowaste-based stabilizers for HM remediation has recently gained attention due to its relatively low cost and eco-risk, abundance, ease of operation, and quick remediation results. Among these stabilizers, shell (crustacean shell, bivalve shell, and eggshell), starfish, and bone-based stabilizers are particularly attractive because of their high Ca and P contents, allowing for highly efficient HM immobilization and simultaneous supplement of nutrients to the soil. However, a comprehensive review focusing on these stabilizers is currently missing. Therefore, this review attempts to summarize the HM immobilization efficiency of these stabilizers and the mechanisms associated with HM stabilization, and perform an operation cost estimation and cost comparison. Cost comparisons among different stabilizers are widely ignored in reviews due to the lack of reliable cost estimation tools or methods. However, for practical application in soil remediation, cost is one of the most important factors to consider. Thus, a simple but reasonable cost estimation method is developed and discussed in this review. Bivalve shell-based stabilizers demonstrated the most promising results for the immobilization of soil HMs in terms of higher performance and lower cost. Current research limitations, challenges, and recommendations regarding possible future research directions are also provided.

Suggested Citation

  • Dibya Kanti Datta & Tandra Biswas & Elli Castonguay & Pan Ni, 2024. "Sustainable Stabilizer Derived from Calcium- and Phosphorus-Rich Biowaste for Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil: A Critical Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-26, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:20:p:8841-:d:1497260
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chunwei Sun & Jiannan Chen & Kuo Tian & Daoping Peng & Xin Liao & Xiyong Wu, 2019. "Geochemical Characteristics and Toxic Elements in Alumina Refining Wastes and Leachates from Management Facilities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-15, April.
    2. Deok Hyun Moon & Jinsung An & Sang Hyeop Park & Agamemnon Koutsospyros, 2023. "Remediation of Heavy Metal (Cu, Pb) Contaminated Fine Soil Using Stabilization with Limestone and Livestock Bone Powder," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-15, July.
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