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Material Transformation Analysis of Mosques in Herat Old City, Afghanistan

Author

Listed:
  • Ghulam Mohammad Asim

    (Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Aza-Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami gun, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
    Graduate School of Development, University of Central Asia, Bishkek 720001, Kyrgyzstan)

  • Abdul Saboor Haidari

    (Urban Planning Department, Faculty of Engineering, Herat University, Herat City 3001, Afghanistan)

  • Asadullah Hanif

    (Urban Planning Department, Faculty of Engineering, Herat University, Herat City 3001, Afghanistan)

  • Taha Aawar

    (Independent Researcher, 10117 Berlin, Germany)

  • Frishta Akbari

    (Graduate School of Development, University of Central Asia, Bishkek 720001, Kyrgyzstan)

  • Hariwa Wahiz

    (Graduate School of Development, University of Central Asia, Bishkek 720001, Kyrgyzstan)

  • Fareshta Suroush

    (Graduate School of Development, University of Central Asia, Bishkek 720001, Kyrgyzstan)

  • Mozhgan Shahbazi

    (Graduate School of Development, University of Central Asia, Bishkek 720001, Kyrgyzstan)

Abstract

This study aimed to find out the distribution, destructions, developments, transformations, and processes of changes of mosques after WWII in Herat Old City, which is a medieval city still preserved and standing. One hundred and eight mosques were constructed, 2 of them were demolished, and 106 still exist. Twenty-eight are modern mosques, and 80 are traditional. Twenty-two out of 80 are preserved, 56 have been transformed, and 2 were damaged, or demolished. Modern mosques are mainly located in the second and fourth quarters, while traditional mosques are distributed in all four quarters. The transformation started in the 1950s after WWII, continued in the 1970s, 1990s, and 2000s, and has occurred in all four quarters, slightly higher in the second and fourth quarters. Through a field survey, data were collected, findings were combined, unified, and plotted on the map, and the mosques were categorized based on building material.

Suggested Citation

  • Ghulam Mohammad Asim & Abdul Saboor Haidari & Asadullah Hanif & Taha Aawar & Frishta Akbari & Hariwa Wahiz & Fareshta Suroush & Mozhgan Shahbazi, 2024. "Material Transformation Analysis of Mosques in Herat Old City, Afghanistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-24, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:19:p:8639-:d:1493034
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