A Review on Liquid Hydrogen Storage: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions

The growing interest in hydrogen (H 2 ) has motivated process engineers and industrialists to investigate the potential of liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) storage. LH 2 is an essential component in the H 2 supply chain. Many researchers have studied LH 2 storage from the perspective of tank structure, boil-off losses, insulation schemes, and storage conditions. A few review studies have also been published considering LH 2 storage; however, most are simply collections of previous articles. None of these review articles have critically evaluated the research articles. In this review study, recent reports, conceptual studies, and patents have been included and critically discussed. Further, challenges and recommendations have been listed based on the literature review. Our results suggest that the multi-layer insulation scheme and integrated refrigeration system can effectively reduce boil-off losses. However, boil-off losses from storage tanks during transportation are the least discussed and must be addressed. The cost of an LH 2 storage tank is high, but it can be reduced with advancements in materials and the utilization of latest technologies. The present challenges and future directions for LH 2 storage include minimizing and utilizing boil-off losses, improving insulation schemes, and ensuring cost-effective large-scale LH 2 storage. This review study can be fundamental for process engineers and new academic researchers to design energy-efficient and cost-effective LH 2 storage systems.