Investigating Flow around Submerged I, L and T Head Groynes in Gravel Bed

Riverbank erosion poses a significant threat to the stability and integrity of river training structures. River training structures such as groynes are important components of sustainable development as they play a crucial role in mitigating flood risks, controlling erosion, and supporting the habitat for aquatic organisms. The habitats vary largely according to the groyne type. A comprehensive comparative analysis of the flow field around the I, L, and T head groynes in the gravel bed is drawn. This study will be of immense use for riverbank protection in hilly terrain where streams are mostly dominated by the gravel bed. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a channel with a sediment bed as gravel of size 9.36 mm. Consistent flow conditions were maintained, with a flow depth (D) of 0.136 m and Froude no (Fr) of 0.61. The performance of these groynes, quantified using L p (length of bank protection), was investigated. LHG and THG, notably, instigate more profound scour depths, recording values of 0.295 D and 0.29 D, respectively, while IHG trails with the value of 0.21 D. The complex flow field involving velocity peaks, decelerated, and negative flow is discussed and is attributed to flow separation at the groyne tip and the horseshoe vortex. The L p for each groyne was estimated, with the IHG providing the maximum bank protection of 1.2 L 1 , L 1 being the transverse length of the groyne. The cost–benefit analysis revealed IHG as the most cost-effective structure. These findings contribute to optimization of riverbank stabilization efforts, enhancing the resilience of hydraulic infrastructure and ensuring the safety and wellbeing of affected communities and ecosystems. The results also provide valuable insight into bank protection by various groynes and highlight their contribution to enhancing the resilience of river systems.