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Issues of Water Resources in Saudi Arabia: Past, Present, and Future

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammad Suhail

    (Centre of Applied Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Samarkand 140100, Uzbekistan)

  • Turki Kh. Faraj

    (Department of Soil Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 145111, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia)

  • Waseem Ahmad

    (Symbiosis Law School, Noida Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 201301, India)

  • Alikul Xudayberdiyevich Ravshanov

    (Faculty of Geography and Ecology, Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Samarkand 140100, Uzbekistan)

  • Mohd Nazish Khan

    (Department of Geography, Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Samarkand 140100, Uzbekistan)

Abstract

The present paper addresses a comprehensive historical assessment of water consumption, demand, and supply in Saudi Arabia, along with future projections regarding water balance, in terms of demand and supply by source in various sectors. Being an arid region, Saudi Arabia experiences scorching heat, low precipitation, a high rate of potential evaporation, and the absence of permanent water bodies over the territory. Groundwater contributes almost 61% of total available water, while the recharge rate is negligible. However, few widyan (ephemeral streams) systems exists to satisfy water demand, which could contribute to approximately one year of domestic water consumption if managed efficiently. The study also predicts water consumption scenarios for the next three consecutive development plans, i.e., the 10th plan (2015–2019), 11th plan (2020–2024), and 12th plan (2025–2029). The analysis shows that water consumption may decline significantly in the future, if the present rate of decline continues. Scenario I, if the current rate is assumed, provides a decrease in consumption of 14.36, 12.66, and 11.15 BCM for 10th, 11th, and 12th plans, respectively. Moreover, the domestic and industrial sectors will consume more water in the future. In the same way, scenarios II and III represent a decline in total water consumption, along with that of agriculture, while domestic and industrial water usage would increase, thus improving environmental sustainability.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Suhail & Turki Kh. Faraj & Waseem Ahmad & Alikul Xudayberdiyevich Ravshanov & Mohd Nazish Khan, 2024. "Issues of Water Resources in Saudi Arabia: Past, Present, and Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-17, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:10:p:4189-:d:1396140
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mustafa El-Rawy & Heba Fathi & Wouter Zijl & Fahad Alshehri & Sattam Almadani & Faisal K. Zaidi & Mofleh Aldawsri & Mohamed Elsayed Gabr, 2023. "Potential Effects of Climate Change on Agricultural Water Resources in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-17, June.
    2. Bader Alhafi Alotaibi & Mirza Barjees Baig & Mohamed M. M. Najim & Ashfaq Ahmad Shah & Yosef A. Alamri, 2023. "Water Scarcity Management to Ensure Food Scarcity through Sustainable Water Resources Management in Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-16, July.
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