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Positive Matrix Factorization as Source Apportionment of Paddy Soil Heavy Metals in Black Shale Areas in Western Zhejiang Province, China

Author

Listed:
  • Changyan Xu

    (Technology Innovation Center of Ecological Evaluation and Remediation of Agricultural Land in Plain Area, MNR, Hangzhou 311200, China
    Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou 310007, China
    School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Xinzhe Lu

    (Technology Innovation Center of Ecological Evaluation and Remediation of Agricultural Land in Plain Area, MNR, Hangzhou 311200, China
    Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou 310007, China
    College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China)

  • Chunlei Huang

    (Technology Innovation Center of Ecological Evaluation and Remediation of Agricultural Land in Plain Area, MNR, Hangzhou 311200, China
    Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou 310007, China)

  • Rui Sun

    (Technology Innovation Center of Ecological Evaluation and Remediation of Agricultural Land in Plain Area, MNR, Hangzhou 311200, China
    Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou 310007, China)

  • Anqing Gu

    (Technology Innovation Center of Ecological Evaluation and Remediation of Agricultural Land in Plain Area, MNR, Hangzhou 311200, China
    Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou 310007, China)

  • Weifeng Pan

    (Technology Innovation Center of Ecological Evaluation and Remediation of Agricultural Land in Plain Area, MNR, Hangzhou 311200, China
    Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou 310007, China)

  • Li He

    (Technology Innovation Center of Ecological Evaluation and Remediation of Agricultural Land in Plain Area, MNR, Hangzhou 311200, China
    Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou 310007, China)

  • Jiayu Bao

    (Technology Innovation Center of Ecological Evaluation and Remediation of Agricultural Land in Plain Area, MNR, Hangzhou 311200, China
    Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou 310007, China
    School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Ruosong Zou

    (School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Cheng Fu

    (School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Zihua Cai

    (Technology Innovation Center of Ecological Evaluation and Remediation of Agricultural Land in Plain Area, MNR, Hangzhou 311200, China
    Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou 310007, China)

Abstract

The source apportionment of pollutants is the key to preventing and controlling the pollution caused by heavy metals in soils. The aim of this study was to investigate the main sources of heavy metals in the soils of black shale areas in western Zhejiang, China. Based on geostatistical spatial analysis, this research employed positive matrix factorization (PMF) for the source apportionment of heavy metals in paddy soil. The results showed that contaminated arable soils were concentrated in the western and southern study areas. At least five major sources of heavy metals were screened in this study: natural sources (39.66%), traffic emissions (32.85%), industrial emissions (9.23%), agricultural activities (9.17%), and mining (9.10%). To be specific, Cd was mainly from mining; As originated from agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides; and Hg, as an industrial pollutant, was transported by atmospheric deposition in the study area. The accumulation of Pb, Zn, and Cu was mainly influenced by natural sources and anthropogenic sources, i.e., traffic emissions, while that of Cr and Ni was controlled by natural sources.

Suggested Citation

  • Changyan Xu & Xinzhe Lu & Chunlei Huang & Rui Sun & Anqing Gu & Weifeng Pan & Li He & Jiayu Bao & Ruosong Zou & Cheng Fu & Zihua Cai, 2023. "Positive Matrix Factorization as Source Apportionment of Paddy Soil Heavy Metals in Black Shale Areas in Western Zhejiang Province, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:5:p:4547-:d:1086859
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