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Progress and Applications of Seawater-Activated Batteries

Author

Listed:
  • Jinmao Chen

    (Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China)

  • Wanli Xu

    (Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China)

  • Xudong Wang

    (Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China)

  • Shasha Yang

    (Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China)

  • Chunhua Xiong

    (Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China)

Abstract

Obtaining energy from renewable natural resources has attracted substantial attention owing to their abundance and sustainability. Seawater is a naturally available, abundant, and renewable resource that covers >70% of the Earth’s surface. Reserve batteries may be activated by using seawater as a source of electrolytes. These batteries are very safe and offer a high power density, stable discharge voltage, high specific energy, and long dry storage life and are widely used in marine exploration instruments, life-saving equipment, and underwater weaponry. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to seawater-activated batteries. Here, we classify seawater-activated batteries into metal semi-fuel, high-power, and rechargeable batteries according to the different functions of seawater within them. The working principles and characteristics of these batteries are then introduced, and we describe their research statuses and practical applications. Finally, we provide an outlook on the development of seawater-activated batteries and highlight practical issues to drive further progress.

Suggested Citation

  • Jinmao Chen & Wanli Xu & Xudong Wang & Shasha Yang & Chunhua Xiong, 2023. "Progress and Applications of Seawater-Activated Batteries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-15, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:2:p:1635-:d:1035639
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pingshu Leng & Hanbin Wang & Binfeng Wu & Lei Zhao & Yijing Deng & Jinting Cui & Houzhao Wan & Lin Lv, 2022. "Ag Decorated Co 3 O 4 -Nitrogen Doped Porous Carbon as the Bifunctional Cathodic Catalysts for Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-15, October.
    2. Simon Krüner & Christoph M. Hackl, 2022. "Nonlinear Modelling and Control of a Power Smoothing System for a Novel Wave Energy Converter Prototype," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-17, October.
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