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Passenger Occupancy Estimation in Vehicles: A Review of Current Methods and Research Challenges

Author

Listed:
  • Pavol Kuchár

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia)

  • Rastislav Pirník

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia)

  • Aleš Janota

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia)

  • Branislav Malobický

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia)

  • Jozef Kubík

    (Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia)

  • Dana Šišmišová

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia)

Abstract

Passenger detection and occupancy estimation are vital tasks in many fields. The existing literature emphasises that the increasing demand for such systems will continue to grow. This paper reviews the existing literature specializing in the field of transportation safety and efficiency concerning occupancy estimation in vehicles and passenger detection at public transport stations. A comparison between different approaches to passenger estimation is presented. Discussion on the advantages and disadvantages is highlighted. Hence, this paper provides an analysis of 146 papers on the current state of the field. This review paper concludes that invasive methods provide high accuracy with relatively cheap implementation, while noninvasive systems do not violate passenger privacy but lack state-of-the-art accuracy. Future work will include a systematic literature review and a comparative analysis of systems considering the existing window tinting and solar windshields heavily blocking certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Moreover, future work will investigate the critical challenges of noninvasive passenger estimation in different types of vehicles: trucks, buses, or even motorcycles.

Suggested Citation

  • Pavol Kuchár & Rastislav Pirník & Aleš Janota & Branislav Malobický & Jozef Kubík & Dana Šišmišová, 2023. "Passenger Occupancy Estimation in Vehicles: A Review of Current Methods and Research Challenges," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-27, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:2:p:1332-:d:1031419
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tomáš Tichý & Jiří Brož & Zuzana Bělinová & Rastislav Pirník, 2021. "Analysis of Predictive Maintenance for Tunnel Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-17, April.
    2. Tomáš Tichý & David Švorc & Miroslav Růžička & Zuzana Bělinová, 2021. "Thermal Feature Detection of Vehicle Categories in the Urban Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-13, June.
    3. Pavol Kuchár & Rastislav Pirník & Tomáš Tichý & Karol Rástočný & Michal Skuba & Tamás Tettamanti, 2021. "Noninvasive Passenger Detection Comparison Using Thermal Imager and IP Cameras," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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