Effects of Alfalfa Crop Rotation on Soil Nutrients and Loss of Soil and Nutrients in Semi-Arid Regions

Soil desertification is an important factor leading to soil degradation and environmental problems such as atmospheric or water pollution. Conservation agriculture, such as crop rotation and conservation tillage, can reduce soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by wind in semi-arid regions. However, the relationships between the loss of soil and nutrients and surface vegetation characteristics are frequently obtained according to a short-term simulation experiment, which makes the application of the conclusions limited. In this study, we conducted a 4-year field experiment continuously with three crop rotations, i.e., spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cropping, alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) cropping, and fallow when previous rapeseed crops ( Brassica napus L.) were being harvested; measured the surface vegetation characteristics, soil nutrients, and loss of soil and nutrients caused by wind; and analyzed their variations and quantitative relations. The findings of this study indicated that the coverage, height, and biomass of the aboveground vegetation in three rotations in the spring and autumn had significant differences, and the rank order was fallow field < wheat field < alfalfa field. With the extension of growing years, the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) of a 0–5 cm soil layer all increased to varying degrees and had significant differences among the rotations during the late stages of the experiment ( p < 0.05), while the changes in the total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) were small, and their values had decreasing trends. The available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) decreased first and then increased during the experimental period, while the available potassium (AK) had an increasing tendency. The increase in soil nutrients in the alfalfa field was the highest during the whole experiment period, while the loss of soil and nutrients (SOC, TN, TP, and TK) was the lowest, followed by the wheat and fallow fields. There were significant negative correlations between the surface vegetation characteristics and the loss of soil and nutrients ( p < 0.01), while the correlations between soil loss and the loss of soil nutrients were significantly positive. In summary, alfalfa crop rotation can obviously reduce the loss of soil and nutrients in semi-arid areas, which is conducive to the sustainability of agroecosystems.