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Protein Fishmeal Replacement in Aquaculture: A Systematic Review and Implications on Growth and Adoption Viability

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  • Edison D. Macusi

    (Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Davao Oriental State University (DOrSU), Mati City 8200, Davao Oriental, Philippines
    Milkfish Assessment Project, Davao Oriental State University (DOrSU), Mati City 8200, Davao Oriental, Philippines)

  • Melanie A. Cayacay

    (Milkfish Assessment Project, Davao Oriental State University (DOrSU), Mati City 8200, Davao Oriental, Philippines)

  • Elaine Q. Borazon

    (International Graduate Program of Education and Human Development (IGPEHD), College of Social Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan)

  • Anthony C. Sales

    (Department of Science and Technology (DOST-XI) Region 11, Davao City 8000, Philippines)

  • Ahasan Habib

    (Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia)

  • Nur Fadli

    (Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia)

  • Mudjekeewis D. Santos

    (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Department of Agriculture, Quezon City 1100, Philippines)

Abstract

Aquaculture is growing rapidly as a food-producing sector and in recent years fishmeal prices have climbed more than two-fold on a global scale. This review of previous studies was performed to contribute to the extant literature on the aquaculture sector to aid cost reduction of aquafeeds by identifying substitute proteins that can replace fishmeal. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) using the SCOPUS and WOS (Web of Science), DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), Academia, and PubMed Central databases. A total of 59 articles were included in the synthesis after screening for duplicates and articles that did not conform to the criteria. Results have shown that the 100% replacement of fishmeal with blood meal (BM) did not affect the growth of fish, nor did the 75% to 100% combination of poultry-by-product (PBM), feather meal (FEM), and BM. Moreover, a 10% replacement of fishmeal using seaweed ( Gracilaria arcuata ) had no adverse effect on the feed efficiency and growth performance of tilapia. Similarly, a 50% replacement of fishmeal using black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ), and a 25% replacement using soybean ( Glycine max ) also showed better results for fish growth. Our review shows that alternative protein can replace fishmeal in the aquaculture sector and reduce the cost of aquafeeds since alternative proteins are much cheaper than the usual fishmeal. Adoption of these alternative protein sources hinges on financial support, start-up incentives for companies, and ongoing studies on waste-to-feed production, which the government can also support.

Suggested Citation

  • Edison D. Macusi & Melanie A. Cayacay & Elaine Q. Borazon & Anthony C. Sales & Ahasan Habib & Nur Fadli & Mudjekeewis D. Santos, 2023. "Protein Fishmeal Replacement in Aquaculture: A Systematic Review and Implications on Growth and Adoption Viability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-15, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:16:p:12500-:d:1219139
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Eslam Tefal & Ana Tomás-Vidal & Silvia Martínez-Llorens & Ignacio Jauralde & David Sánchez-Peñaranda & Miguel Jover-Cerdá, 2023. "Effects of Eco-Organic Feed on Growth Performance, Biometric Indices, and Nutrient Retention of Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata )," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Edison D. Macusi & Darshel Ester P. Estor & Elaine Q. Borazon & Misael B. Clapano & Mudjekeewis D. Santos, 2022. "Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Shrimp Farming in the Philippines: A Critical Analysis Using PRISMA," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-19, March.
    3. Brunella Arru & Roberto Furesi & Pietro Pulina & Fabio A. Madau, 2022. "Price Sensitivity of Fish Fed with Insect Meal: An Analysis on Italian Consumers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-21, May.
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