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Assessment of Groundwater Trends in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh: A Statistical Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Satyam Mishra

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India)

  • Mrityunjay Singh Chauhan

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India)

  • Suresh Sundaramurthy

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India)

Abstract

Groundwater is a critical resource for the development of any region. In Bhopal, groundwater is also used for various purposes, including domestic use and irrigation. Overexploitation due to increasing demand coupled with pollution raises concern about the sustainability of groundwater supplies in the future. This study aimed to analyze trends in groundwater parameters in Bhopal over 22 years using the Mann-Kendall (MK) and Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) trend tests in MATLAB. The parameters SO 4 2− , Ca 2+ , HCO 3 − , NO 3 − , and F − showed a decreasing trend, while the trends for pH were mixed. In contrast, the Na + and Cl − levels significantly increased in both trend tests, suggesting the effects of various existing aquifer conditions and human activities whose long-term exposure may lead to harmful effects. The results showed that nitrate and electrical conductivity levels exceeded the permissible limits. The MMK method provided more accurate results than the traditional Mann-Kendall method. The findings of this study are valuable for policymakers and water resource managers.

Suggested Citation

  • Satyam Mishra & Mrityunjay Singh Chauhan & Suresh Sundaramurthy, 2023. "Assessment of Groundwater Trends in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh: A Statistical Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-15, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:15:p:11971-:d:1210139
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    Cited by:

    1. Yudong Wang & Guibin Pang & Tianyu Wang & Xin Cong & Weiyan Pan & Xin Fu & Xin Wang & Zhenghe Xu, 2024. "Future Reference Evapotranspiration Trends in Shandong Province, China: Based on SAO-CNN-BiGRU-Attention and CMIP6," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-22, September.

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