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Ball Mill, Humic Acid, and Rock Phosphate-Modified Conocarpus Biochar for Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water

Author

Listed:
  • Mansour S. Alhawas

    (Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Muhammad Imran Rafique

    (Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Munir Ahmad

    (Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohammad I. Al-Wabel

    (Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Adel R. A. Usman

    (Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt)

  • Hamed Ahmed Al-Swadi

    (Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Abdullah S. Al-Farraj

    (Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

An increasing trend of anthropogenic activities such as urbanization and industrialization has resulted in induction and accumulation of various kinds of heavy metals in the environment, which ultimately has disturbed the biogeochemical balance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to probe the efficiency of conocarpus ( Conocarpus erectus L.) waste-derived biochar and its modified derivatives for the removal of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) from aqueous solutions. Biochar was produced at 600 °C and modified with humic acid (1:10 w/v ratio) and rock phosphate (0.5:1 w/w ratio). Additionally, produced biochar, as well as humic acid and rock phosphate-modified biochars, were subjected to ball milling separately. Equilibrium and kinetics batch experiments were conducted to investigate heavy metals adsorption on synthesized adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics models were employed to explore the adsorption efficiency of produced materials for metals adsorption. Among all the applied adsorbents, ball-milled biochars showed comparatively higher adsorption compared to un-milled biochars. Humic acid and rock phosphate-modified milled biochar showed the highest adsorption capacity for Pb (18.85 mg g −1 ), while rock phosphate-modified milled biochar showed the highest adsorption capacity for Cu and Zn (24.02 mg g −1 and 187.14 mg g −1 ), and humic acid modified biochar adsorbed maximum Cd (30.89 mg g −1 ). Adsorption isotherm study confirmed Freundlich as the best-suited model (R 2 = 0.99), while kinetics adsorption was well described by the pseudo-second-order (R 2 = 0.99). Hence, it was concluded that ball-milled biochar modified with humic acid and rock phosphate could potentially remove heavy metals from contaminated water.

Suggested Citation

  • Mansour S. Alhawas & Muhammad Imran Rafique & Munir Ahmad & Mohammad I. Al-Wabel & Adel R. A. Usman & Hamed Ahmed Al-Swadi & Abdullah S. Al-Farraj, 2023. "Ball Mill, Humic Acid, and Rock Phosphate-Modified Conocarpus Biochar for Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-20, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:14:p:11474-:d:1201538
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zhiwei Zhang & Beibei Liu & Zhenli He & Pan Pan & Lin Wu & Bigui Lin & Qinfen Li & Xinchun Zhang & Zhikang Wang, 2022. "The Synergistic Effect of Biochar-Combined Activated Phosphate Rock Treatments in Typical Vegetables in Tropical Sandy Soil: Results from Nutrition Supply and the Immobilization of Toxic Metals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-13, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hamed A. Al-Swadi & Abdullah S. Al-Farraj & Mohammad I. Al-Wabel & Munir Ahmad & Jahangir Ahmad & Mohammed Awad Mousa & Muhammad Imran Rafique & Muhammad Usama, 2023. "Kaolinite-Composited Biochar and Hydrochar as Low-Cost Adsorbents for the Removal of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc from Aqueous Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-21, November.

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