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Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals due to Railroad Activity Using a Positive Matrix Factorization Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Zhen Wang

    (The School of Public Administration, Southwest University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China)

  • Jianqiang Zhang

    (Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China)

  • Izumi Watanabe

    (Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 1838509, Japan)

Abstract

The effects of railway operation on soil environments are an important topic. In this research, soil samples were collected from two diesel-driven railways and two electric railways in Japan. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to investigate the sources of eight heavy metals in the soil near the railways. The results showed that railway operation was the dominant anthropogenic source of heavy metals in the soil in the study areas among five potential sources, with contributions ranging from 11.73% to 42.55%. Compared with that of electricity-driven railways, the effect of diesel-driven railways was larger. The environmental risk-assessment analysis suggested that the soils near the selected railways fall within the weak-to-extremely strong contamination category, and experienced moderate-to-extremely strong ecological risk. A health risk assessment revealed that the soil presented both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for children, with ingestion as the principal exposure pathway. The PMF-Environment Risk Assessment and PMF-Human Health Risk Assessment models were developed to obtain the ecological and human health risks for every source category. Railway operation was regarded as the major factor influencing ecology and human health at the diesel-driven railway sampling sites. However, at electricity-driven railway sampling sites, natural sources were dominant.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhen Wang & Jianqiang Zhang & Izumi Watanabe, 2022. "Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals due to Railroad Activity Using a Positive Matrix Factorization Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-15, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2022:i:1:p:75-:d:1010051
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dongyue Li & Yilan Liao, 2018. "Spatial Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Street Dust of Coal Railway Transportation Hubs: A Case Study in Yuanping, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Guangcai Yin & Hanghai Zhu & Zhiliang Chen & Chuanghong Su & Zechen He & Xinglin Chen & Jinrong Qiu & Tieyu Wang, 2021. "Spatial Distribution and Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals in Pearl River Delta, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-14, August.
    3. Shiyi Wang & Yanbin Zhang & Jieliang Cheng & Yi Li & Feng Li & Yan Li & Zhou Shi, 2022. "Pollution Assessment and Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals in a Coastal Industrial City, Zhejiang, Southeastern China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-19, March.
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