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Performance of Spring and Summer-Sown Maize under Different Irrigation Strategies in Pakistan

Author

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  • Abdul Ghaffar Khan

    (Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 03802, Pakistan
    Senior Scientist (Soil Science) Directorate of Rapid Soil Fertility Survey & Soil Testing Institute Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
    College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA)

  • Muhammad Imran

    (Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 03802, Pakistan
    Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
    Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA)

  • Anwar-ul-Hassan Khan

    (Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 03802, Pakistan)

  • Ali Fares

    (College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA)

  • Jiří Šimůnek

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA)

  • Tanveer Ul-Haq

    (Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan)

  • Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli

    (Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni

    (Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Shafaqat Ali

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
    Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan)

Abstract

Pakistan is facing severe water shortages, so using the available water efficiently is essential for maximizing crop production. This can be achieved through efficient irrigation practices. Field studies were carried out to determine the dynamics of soil water and the efficiency of water utilization for maize grown under five irrigation techniques (flood-irrigated flatbed, furrow-irrigated ridge, furrow-irrigated raised bed, furrow-irrigated raised bed with plastic mulch, and sprinkler-irrigated flatbed). Spring and summer maize was grown for two years. The Irrigation Management System (IManSys) was used to estimate the irrigation requirements, evapotranspiration, and other water balance components for this study’s different experimental treatments based on site-specific crop, soil, and weather parameters. The results showed that the flood irrigation flatbed (FIF) treatment produced the highest evapotranspiration, leaf area index ( LAI) , and biomass yield compared to other treatments. However, this treatment did not produce the highest grain yield and had the lowest water use efficiency ( WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency ( WUE i ) compared to the furrow-irrigated raised-bed treatment. The furrow-irrigated raised bed with plastic mulch (FIRBM) treatment improved grain yield, WUE , WUE i , and harvest index compared to the flood irrigation flatbed (FIF) treatment. The results showed a strong correlation between measured and estimated net irrigation requirements and evapotranspiration, with high r 2 values (0.93, 0.99, 0.98, and 0.98) for the spring- and summer-sown maize. It was concluded that the FIRBM treatments improved the grain yield, WUE , and WUEi , which ultimately enhanced sustainable crop production. The growing of summer-sown maize in Pakistan has the potential for sustainable maize production under the semiarid and arid climate.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdul Ghaffar Khan & Muhammad Imran & Anwar-ul-Hassan Khan & Ali Fares & Jiří Šimůnek & Tanveer Ul-Haq & Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli & Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni & Shafaqat Ali, 2021. "Performance of Spring and Summer-Sown Maize under Different Irrigation Strategies in Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:5:p:2757-:d:510098
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dahri, Shahzad Hussain & Shaikh, Irfan Ahmed & Talpur, Mashooque Ali & Mangrio, Munir Ahmed & Dahri, Zakir Hussain & Hoogenboom, Gerrit & Knox, Jerry W., 2024. "Modelling the impacts of climate change on the sustainability of rainfed and irrigated maize in Pakistan," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).

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