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Define–Investigate–Estimate–Map (DIEM) Framework for Modeling Habitat Threats

Author

Listed:
  • Khaleel Muhammed

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA)

  • Aavudai Anandhi

    (Biological Systems Engineering, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA)

  • Gang Chen

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA)

  • Kevin Poole

    (Biological Systems Engineering, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA)

Abstract

As the human population increases, the landscape is altered to provide housing, food, and industry. Human activity poses a risk to the health of natural habitats that, in turn, affect biodiversity. Biodiversity is necessary for a functioning ecosystem, as species work synergistically to create a livable environment. It is, therefore, important to know how human practices and natural events threaten these habitats and the species living in them. A universal method of modeling habitat threats does not exist. This paper details the use of a literature review to formulate a new framework called Define–Investigate–Estimate–Map (DIEM). This framework is a process of defining threats, investigating an area to discover what threats are present, estimating the severity of those threats, and mapping the threats. Analysis of 62 studies was conducted to determine how different authors define and characterize threats in various contexts. The results of this analysis were then applied to a case study to evaluate the Choctawhatchee River and Bay Watershed. Results suggest that the most abundant threat in the watershed is agricultural development, and the most destructive threat is urban development. These two threats have the greatest impact on the total threat level of the watershed. Applying the DIEM framework demonstrates its helpfulness in regional analysis, watershed modeling, and land development planning.

Suggested Citation

  • Khaleel Muhammed & Aavudai Anandhi & Gang Chen & Kevin Poole, 2021. "Define–Investigate–Estimate–Map (DIEM) Framework for Modeling Habitat Threats," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-30, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:20:p:11259-:d:654651
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tamara S. Wilson & Benjamin M. Sleeter & Rachel R. Sleeter & Christopher E. Soulard, 2014. "Land-Use Threats and Protected Areas: A Scenario-Based, Landscape Level Approach," Land, MDPI, vol. 3(2), pages 1-28, April.
    2. Dainee M. Gibson & John E. Quinn, 2017. "Application of Anthromes to Frame Scenario Planning for Landscape-Scale Conservation Decision Making," Land, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-17, May.
    3. Czech, Brian & Krausman, Paul & Devers, Patrick, 2000. "Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States," MPRA Paper 2306, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Andrew Bell & Nathanial Matthews & Wei Zhang, 2016. "Opportunities for improved promotion of ecosystem services in agriculture under the Water-Energy-Food Nexus," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 6(1), pages 183-191, March.
    5. Ran Wang & Yao Jiang & Peng Su & Jing’ai Wang, 2019. "Global Spatial Distributions of and Trends in Rice Exposure to High Temperature," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-53, November.
    6. Marcela Prokopová & Luca Salvati & Gianluca Egidi & Ondřej Cudlín & Renata Včeláková & Radek Plch & Pavel Cudlín, 2019. "Envisioning Present and Future Land-Use Change under Varying Ecological Regimes and Their Influence on Landscape Stability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-24, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ryan Nedd & Aavudai Anandhi, 2022. "Land Use Changes in the Southeastern United States: Quantitative Changes, Drivers, and Expected Environmental Impacts," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-25, December.
    2. Khaleel Muhammed & Aavudai Anandhi & Gang Chen, 2022. "Comparing Methods for Estimating Habitat Suitability," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-19, October.

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