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Ecological Risk Indicators for Leached Heavy Metals from Coal Ash Generated at a Malaysian Power Plant

Author

Listed:
  • Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan

    (Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia)

  • Salmia Beddu

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Daud Mohamad

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Zarina Itam

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Taimur Khan

    (Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

  • Affiani Machmudah

    (Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidisciplinary, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mulyorejo, Kampus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia)

  • Denys Dutykh

    (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAMA, 73000 Chambéry, France)

  • Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar

    (Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Hisyam Jusoh

    (Geo TriTech, No. 17, Persiaran Perdana 15A, Pinji Perdana, Lahat 31500, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia)

  • Fadzli Mohamed Nazri

    (School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia)

  • Md Fauzan Kamal Mohd Yapandi

    (TNB Research Sdn. Bhd. No. 1, Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan, Jalan Ayer Itam, Kajang 43000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
    Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Siddhartha Pati

    (SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC), Balasore 756001, Odisha, India
    Department of Biotechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology, Khordha 752057, Odisha, India)

  • Amirrudin Ahmad

    (Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
    Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia)

  • Nadiah Wan Rasdi

    (Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
    Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia)

Abstract

The application of coal ash (CA) in construction industries has grown rapidly, posing risk to the environment due to heavy metals leaching from the material. This research presents a simulation of ecological risk assessment and model risk indicators (ERI) of leached heavy metals (lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As)) from CA (FA: fly ash and BA: bottom ash) via response surface methodology (RSM). The ERI values were based on quantified leached heavy metals from the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP-1311) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP-1312). The ecological risk index ( R I ) values for TCLP were 10.27 × 10 0 (FA), 9.91 × 10 0 (BA) and 12.58 × 10 0 (FA + BA); whereas R I for SPLP were 10.34 × 10 0 (FA), 9.90 × 10 0 (BA) and 12.61 × 10 0 (FA + BA). Twenty-nine combinations of operations were evaluated based on Box-Behnken design with ERI as the response variable. The established model risk indicator (i.e., coded and actual factors) of Pb, Cu, Zn and ‘As’ showed significant model terms that describe their relationship very well, perfectly fit to the corresponding ERI (sum of squares = 0.4160, F value = 682,375.55) with probability of 0.01% for an F-value could occur due to noise. The optimized models were validated with error percentage of less than 5%. The established ERI models showed significant model terms and will be useful for ecological monitoring of CA application in construction industries.

Suggested Citation

  • Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan & Salmia Beddu & Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal & Daud Mohamad & Zarina Itam & Taimur Khan & Affiani Machmudah & Denys Dutykh & Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar & Hisyam Jusoh & Fadzli , 2021. "Ecological Risk Indicators for Leached Heavy Metals from Coal Ash Generated at a Malaysian Power Plant," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:18:p:10222-:d:634486
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Miguel Hernández-Pedraza & José Adán Caballero-Vázquez & Jorge Carlos Peniche-Pérez & Ignacio Alejandro Pérez-Legaspi & Diego Armando Casas-Beltran & Jesús Alvarado-Flores, 2020. "Toxicity and Hazards of Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Sunscreens to Aquatic Life of Quintana Roo, Mexico," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-11, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Delia B. Senoro & Kevin Lawrence M. De Jesus & Cris Edward F. Monjardin, 2023. "Pollution and Risk Evaluation of Toxic Metals and Metalloid in Water Resources of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-35, February.

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