IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i21p9150-d439529.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An Evaluation of the Tourism-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (T-EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from G7 Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Cem Ișik

    (Faculty of Tourism, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26210, Turkey)

  • Munir Ahmad

    (School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Uğur Korkut Pata

    (Department of Economics, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye 80000, Turkey)

  • Serdar Ongan

    (Department of Economics, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, St. Mary’s City, MD 20686, USA)

  • Magdalena Radulescu

    (Faculty of Economic Studies and Law, University of Pitesti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania)

  • Festus Fatai Adedoyin

    (Departament of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK)

  • Engin Bayraktaroğlu

    (Faculty of Tourism, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26210, Turkey)

  • Sezi Aydın

    (Faculty of Tourism, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26210, Turkey)

  • Ayse Ongan

    (Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA)

Abstract

This paper analyzes the legitimacy of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for a group of seven (G7) countries over the period 1995–2015. In addition to testing the EKC speculation, the authors also would like to understand the ways in which increases in renewable energy consumption and the international tourism receipt affect the CO 2 emissions in G7 countries, because the energy and tourism sectors may have considerable direct impacts on CO 2 emissions. In this investigation, a panel bootstrap cointegration test and an augmented mean group (AMG) estimator were applied. The empirical findings indicate that the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis is valid only for France. Additionally, it was detected that a rise in renewable energy consumption has a negative (reduction) impact on CO 2 emissions in France, Italy, the UK, and the US. However, an increase in the receipt of international touristm has a positive (additional) impact on Italy’s CO2 emissions. Hence, this country’s decision-makers should re-review their tourism policy to adopt a renewable-inclusive one for sustainable tourism and the environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Cem Ișik & Munir Ahmad & Uğur Korkut Pata & Serdar Ongan & Magdalena Radulescu & Festus Fatai Adedoyin & Engin Bayraktaroğlu & Sezi Aydın & Ayse Ongan, 2020. "An Evaluation of the Tourism-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (T-EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from G7 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-11, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:21:p:9150-:d:439529
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/21/9150/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/21/9150/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gengnan Chiang & Ming-Yi Wu, 2017. "The Richer the Greener: Evidence from G7 Countries," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 9(10), pages 11-20, October.
    2. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Shafiullah, Muhammad & Papavassiliou, Vassilios G. & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2017. "The CO2–growth nexus revisited: A nonparametric analysis for the G7 economies over nearly two centuries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 183-193.
    3. Eberhardt, Markus & Teal, Francis, 2008. "Modeling technology and technological change in manufacturing: how do countries differ?," MPRA Paper 10690, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2006. "Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 74(4), pages 967-1012, July.
    5. Zhang, Lei & Gao, Jing, 2016. "Exploring the effects of international tourism on China's economic growth, energy consumption and environmental pollution: Evidence from a regional panel analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 225-234.
    6. Westerlund, Joakim & Edgerton, David L., 2007. "A panel bootstrap cointegration test," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 97(3), pages 185-190, December.
    7. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2007. "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(2), pages 265-312.
    8. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    9. M. Hashem Pesaran & Aman Ullah & Takashi Yamagata, 2008. "A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 11(1), pages 105-127, March.
    10. Manfred Lenzen & Ya-Yen Sun & Futu Faturay & Yuan-Peng Ting & Arne Geschke & Arunima Malik, 2018. "The carbon footprint of global tourism," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 8(6), pages 522-528, June.
    11. Serdar Ongan & Cem Isik & Dilek Ozdemir, 2021. "Economic growth and environmental degradation: evidence from the US case environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis with application of decomposition," Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 14-21, January.
    12. Pata, Uğur Korkut & Terzi, Harun, 2016. "The Relationship between Aggregated–Disaggregated Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey," Business and Economics Research Journal, Uludag University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, vol. 7(4), pages 1-15, October.
    13. Serdar Ongan & Cem Işik & Dilek Özdemir, 2017. "The Effects of Real Exchange Rates and Income on International Tourism Demand for the USA from Some European Union Countries," Economies, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-11, December.
    14. Markus Eberhardt, 2012. "Estimating panel time-series models with heterogeneous slopes," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 12(1), pages 61-71, March.
    15. Eberhardt, Markus & Bond, Stephen, 2009. "Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: a novel estimator," MPRA Paper 17692, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Ugur Korkut Pata & Harun Terzi, 2017. "The Relationship between Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption and Economic growth in G7 countries: Evidence from Bootstrap Panel Causality Test," Acta Universitatis Danubius. OEconomica, Danubius University of Galati, issue 13(5), pages 243-252, OCTOBER.
    17. Sahbi Farhani & Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, 2020. "Comparing the Role of Coal to Other Energy Resources in the Environmental Kuznets Curve of Three Large Economies," Chinese Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(1), pages 82-120, January.
    18. Mohamed Kayal, 2020. "Climate Change and Touristic Winter Activities," Post-Print hal-02977769, HAL.
    19. Hansen, Bruce E., 1995. "Rethinking the Univariate Approach to Unit Root Testing: Using Covariates to Increase Power," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 11(5), pages 1148-1171, October.
    20. Carmelo J. Le�n & Jorge E. Arana & Anastasia Hern�ndez Alem�n, 2014. "CO 2 Emissions and tourism in developed and less developed countries," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(16), pages 1169-1173, November.
    21. Ajmi, Ahdi Noomen & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Sato, João Ricardo, 2015. "On the relationships between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and income: The importance of time variation," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 629-638.
    22. Cem Işık, 2013. "The Importance of Creating a Competitive Advantage and Investing in Information Technology for Modern Economies: an ARDL Test Approach from Turkey," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 4(4), pages 387-405, December.
    23. Cem Işik & Eyüp Doğan & Serdar Ongan, 2017. "Analyzing the Tourism–Energy–Growth Nexus for the Top 10 Most-Visited Countries," Economies, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-13, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Chen, Xia & Rahaman, Md Atikur & Murshed, Muntasir & Mahmood, Haider & Hossain, Md Afzal, 2023. "Causality analysis of the impacts of petroleum use, economic growth, and technological innovation on carbon emissions in Bangladesh," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    2. Zhao, Wei & Liu, Yishu & Huang, Lihua, 2022. "Estimating environmental Kuznets Curve in the presence of eco-innovation and solar energy: An analysis of G-7 economies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 304-314.
    3. Chi-Hui Wang & Prasad Padmanabhan & Chia-Hsing Huang, 2021. "The Impact of Renewable Energy, Urbanization, and Environmental Sustainability Ratings on the Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-22, December.
    4. Cem Işık & Ekrem Aydın & Tarik Dogru & Abdul Rehman & Rafael Alvarado & Munir Ahmad & Muhammad Irfan, 2021. "The Nexus between Team Culture, Innovative Work Behaviour and Tacit Knowledge Sharing: Theory and Evidence," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    5. Munir Ahmad & Gul Jabeen & Syed Ahsan Ali Shah & Abdul Rehman & Fayyaz Ahmad & Cem Işik, 2022. "Assessing long- and short-run dynamic interplay among balance of trade, aggregate economic output, real exchange rate, and CO2 emissions in Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(5), pages 7283-7323, May.
    6. Melina Dritsaki & Chaido Dritsaki, 2024. "The Relationship Between Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth in G7: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Data," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(1), pages 4886-4911, March.
    7. Pata, Ugur Korkut & Isik, Cem, 2021. "Determinants of the load capacity factor in China: A novel dynamic ARDL approach for ecological footprint accounting," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    8. Ugur Korkut Pata & Banu Tanriover, 2023. "Is the Load Capacity Curve Hypothesis Valid for the Top Ten Tourism Destinations?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-15, January.
    9. Atif Khan Jadoon & Sania Akhtar & Ambreen Sarwar & Syeda Azra Batool & Sarvjeet Kaur Chatrath & Saima Liaqat, 2021. "Is Economic Growth And Industrial Growth The Reason For Environmental Degradation In Saarc Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(6), pages 418-426.
    10. Umar Farooq & Mosab I Tabash & Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Faryan & Cem Işık & Tarik Dogru, 2024. "The Nexus between tourism-energy-environmental degradation: Does financial development matter in GCC countries?," Tourism Economics, , vol. 30(3), pages 680-701, May.
    11. Avishek Khanal & Mohammad Mafizur Rahman & Rasheda Khanam & Eswaran Velayutham, 2021. "Are Tourism and Energy Consumption Linked? Evidence from Australia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-20, September.
    12. Buket Altinoz & Alper Aslan, 2022. "New insight to tourism-environment nexus in Mediterranean countries: evidence from panel vector autoregression approach," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(10), pages 12263-12275, October.
    13. Arindam Das, 2023. "The Relationship between International Trade in Industry 4.0 Products and National-Level Sustainability Performance: An Empirical Investigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-15, January.
    14. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Abraham Ayobamiji Awosusi & Husam Rjoub & Mirela Panait & Catalin Popescu, 2021. "Asymmetric Impact of International Trade on Consumption-Based Carbon Emissions in MINT Nations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-19, October.
    15. Shan, Shan & Ahmad, Munir & Tan, Zhixiong & Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday & Man Li, Rita Yi & Kirikkaleli, Dervis, 2021. "The role of energy prices and non-linear fiscal decentralization in limiting carbon emissions: Tracking environmental sustainability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    16. Ugur Korkut Pata, 2021. "Do renewable energy and health expenditures improve load capacity factor in the USA and Japan? A new approach to environmental issues," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 22(9), pages 1427-1439, December.
    17. Jahanger, Atif & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Awan, Ashar, 2024. "Exploring the critical nexus among energy mineral, globalization, and CO2 emissions in NAFTA: What's the forum's response amid asymmetries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    18. Hailiang, Zeng & Chau, Ka Yin & Waqas, Muhammad, 2023. "Does green finance and renewable energy promote tourism for sustainable development: Empirical evidence from China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 660-671.
    19. Ali, Qamar & Yaseen, Muhammad Rizwan & Anwar, Sofia & Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad & Khan, Muhammad Tariq Iqbal, 2021. "The impact of tourism, renewable energy, and economic growth on ecological footprint and natural resources: A panel data analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    20. Donato Morea & Lucilla Bittucci & Arturo Cafaro & Fabiomassimo Mango & Pina Murè, 2021. "Can the Current State Support Mechanisms Help the Growth of Renewable Energies in Wind Markets?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-17, November.
    21. Bright Akwasi Gyamfi & Murad A. Bein & Festus Fatai Adedoyin & Festus Victor Bekun, 2022. "To what extent are pollutant emission intensified by international tourist arrivals? Starling evidence from G7 Countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(6), pages 7896-7917, June.
    22. Liton Chandra Voumik & Md. Hasanur Rahman & Shohel Md. Nafi & Md. Akter Hossain & Abdul Rahim Ridzuan & Nora Yusma Mohamed Yusoff, 2023. "Modelling Sustainable Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Based on the EKC Hypothesis for Africa’s Ten Most Popular Tourist Destinations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-19, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lazăr, Dorina & Minea, Alexandru & Purcel, Alexandra-Anca, 2019. "Pollution and economic growth: Evidence from Central and Eastern European countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 1121-1131.
    2. Sencer Atasoy, Burak, 2017. "Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis across the U.S.: Evidence from panel mean group estimators," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 731-747.
    3. Qiao, Hui & Chen, Siyu & Dong, Xiucheng & Dong, Kangyin, 2019. "Has China's coal consumption actually reached its peak? National and regional analysis considering cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    4. Schneider, Nicolas & Strielkowski, Wadim, 2023. "Modelling the unit root properties of electricity data—A general note on time-domain applications," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 618(C).
    5. BAYAR Yilmaz & AKYUZ Fatma & EREM Isil, 2017. "Openness And Financial Development In Central And Eastern European Countries," Studies in Business and Economics, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Economic Sciences, vol. 12(3), pages 5-16, December.
    6. Alataş, Sedat, 2022. "Do environmental technologies help to reduce transport sector CO2 emissions? Evidence from the EU15 countries," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    7. Churchill, Sefa Awaworyi & Inekwe, John & Ivanovski, Kris & Smyth, Russell, 2018. "The Environmental Kuznets Curve in the OECD: 1870–2014," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 389-399.
    8. Alsamara, Mouyad & Mrabet, Zouhair & Dombrecht, Michel, 2018. "Asymmetric import cost pass-through in GCC countries: Evidence from nonlinear panel analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 432-440.
    9. Yilmaz Bayar & Rita Remeikienė & Gamze Sart, 2024. "ICT Penetration and Human Development: Empirical Evidence from the EU Transition Economies," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(1), pages 2422-2438, March.
    10. Andrew Adewale Alola & Glory Chiyoru Dike & Uju Violet Alola, 2022. "The Role of Legal System and Socioeconomic Aspects in the Environmental Quality Drive of the Global South," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 163(2), pages 953-972, September.
    11. Ünal Seven & Dilara Kilinc & Yener Coskun, 2018. "Does Credit Composition have Asymmetric Effects on Income Inequality? New Evidence from Panel Data," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-15, September.
    12. Muhammad Shahbaz & Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad & Mantu Kumar Mahalik & Perry Sadorsky, 2018. "How strong is the causal relationship between globalization and energy consumption in developed economies? A country-specific time-series and panel analysis," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(13), pages 1479-1494, March.
    13. Zekeriya Mizirak & Kivanç Altintaş, 2018. "The nexus between governance factors and foreign direct investments: Evidence from panel data," Journal of Administrative and Business Studies, Professor Dr. Usman Raja, vol. 4(1), pages 1-8.
    14. Namahoro, J.P. & Wu, Q. & Su, H., 2023. "Wind energy, industrial-economic development and CO2 emissions nexus: Do droughts matter?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    15. Usman, Muhammad & Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad, 2021. "What abates ecological footprint in BRICS-T region? Exploring the influence of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, agriculture, forest area and financial development," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 12-28.
    16. Gautam, Tej K. & Paudel, Krishna P., 2018. "The demand for natural gas in the Northeastern United States," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 890-898.
    17. Yilmaz Bayar & Mehmet Hilmi Ozkaya & Laura Herta & Marius Dan Gavriletea, 2021. "Financial Development, Financial Inclusion and Primary Energy Use: Evidence from the European Union Transition Economies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-14, June.
    18. Zhao, Wei & Liu, Yishu & Huang, Lihua, 2022. "Estimating environmental Kuznets Curve in the presence of eco-innovation and solar energy: An analysis of G-7 economies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 304-314.
    19. Thai-Ha Le & Youngho Chang & Donghyun Park, 2019. "Economic development and environmental sustainability: evidence from Asia," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 1129-1156, October.
    20. Singh, Vinay Kumar & Ghosh, Sajal, 2021. "Financial inclusion and economic growth in India amid demonetization: A case study based on panel cointegration and causality," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 674-693.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:21:p:9150-:d:439529. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.