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Effect of Ornamental Plants, Seasonality, and Filter Media Material in Fill-and-Drain Constructed Wetlands Treating Rural Community Wastewater

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  • Sergio A. Zamora-Castro

    (Facultad de Ingeniería de la Construcción y el Hábitat, Universidad Veracruzana, Bv. Adolfo Ruíz Cortines 455, Costa Verde, Boca del Rio, Veracruz 94294, Mexico)

  • José Luis Marín-Muñiz

    (Academia Desarrollo Regional Sustentable, El Colegio de Veracruz, Carrillo Puerto No. 26, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico)

  • Luis Sandoval

    (Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Misantla, Km. 1.8 Carretera a Loma del Cojolite Misantla, Veracruz 93821, Mexico)

  • Monserrat Vidal-Álvarez

    (Academia Desarrollo Regional Sustentable, El Colegio de Veracruz, Carrillo Puerto No. 26, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico)

  • Juan Manuel Carrión-Delgado

    (Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Xalapa, Sección 5A Reserva Territorial S/N, Santa Bárbara, Xalapa, Veracruz 91096, Mexico)

Abstract

The effects of Canna indica (P1), Pontederia sagittata (P2), and Spathiphyllum wallisii (P3) growing in different filter media materials (12 using porous river rock and 12 using tepezyl) on the seasonal removal of pollutants of wastewater using fill-and-drain constructed wetlands (FD-CWs) were investigated during 12 months. Three units of every media were planted with one plant of P1, P2, and P3, and three were kept unplanted. C. indica was the plant with higher growth than the other species, in both filter media. The species with more flower production were: C. indica > P. sagittate > S. wallisii . Reflecting similarly in the biomass of the plants, C. indica and P. sagittata showed more quantity of aerial and below ground biomass productivity than S. wallisii. With respect to the removal efficiency, both porous media were efficient in terms of pollutant removal performance ( p > 0.05). However, removal efficiency showed a dependence on ornamental plants. The higher removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrates (NO 3 − -N), ammonium (NH 4 + -N), and phosphates (PO 4 − 3 -P) oscillated between 81% to 83%, 80% to 84%, 61% to 69%, 61% to 68%, 65% to 71%, 62% to 68%, and 66% to 69%, respectively, in P1 and P2, removals 15% to 30% higher than P3. The removal in planted microcosms was significantly higher than the unplanted control units ( p = 0.023). Nitrogen and phosphorous compounds were highly removed (60%–80%) because in typical CWs, such pollutant removals are usually smaller, indicating the importance of FD-CWs on wastewater treatments using porous river rock and tepezyl as porous filter media. (BOD 5 ), chemical oxygen demand (COD), (NO 3 − -N), (NH 4 + -N), (TKN), and (PO 4 − 3 -P).

Suggested Citation

  • Sergio A. Zamora-Castro & José Luis Marín-Muñiz & Luis Sandoval & Monserrat Vidal-Álvarez & Juan Manuel Carrión-Delgado, 2019. "Effect of Ornamental Plants, Seasonality, and Filter Media Material in Fill-and-Drain Constructed Wetlands Treating Rural Community Wastewater," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-14, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:8:p:2350-:d:224264
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Vassiliki Papaevangelou & Georgios D. Gikas & Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis, 2016. "Effect of Operational and Design Parameters on Performance of Pilot-Scale Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands Treating University Campus Wastewater," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 30(15), pages 5875-5899, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Chunjiang An & Mengfan Cai & Christophe Guy, 2020. "Rural Sustainable Environmental Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-5, August.
    2. Carlos Nakase & Florentina Zurita & Graciela Nani & Guillermo Reyes & Gregorio Fernández-Lambert & Arturo Cabrera-Hernández & Luis Sandoval, 2019. "Nitrogen Removal from Domestic Wastewater and the Development of Tropical Ornamental Plants in Partially Saturated Mesocosm-Scale Constructed Wetlands," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-13, November.

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