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Characterization of Di- n -Butyl Phthalate Phytoremediation by Garden Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia ) through Kinetics and Proteome Analysis

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  • Chien-Sen Liao

    (Department of Civil and Ecological Engineering, I Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
    Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
    Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 558-8585, Japan)

  • Yoshikazu Nishikawa

    (Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 558-8585, Japan)

  • Yu-Ting Shih

    (Department of Civil and Ecological Engineering, I Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan)

Abstract

Di- n -dutyl phthalate (DBP), an endocrine disruptor, is one of the most widely used phthalate esters (PAEs) in the world. It can be accumulated in seafood or agricultural products and represents a substantial risk to human health via the food chain. Thus, finding a plant which can remediate DBP but have no effects on growth is the main topic of the development of DBP phytoremediation. This study used garden lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia ), which has a significant DBP absorption capability, as a test plant to measure phytoremediation kinetics and proteome changes after being exposed to DBP. The results show that DBP accumulated in different parts of the garden lettuce but the physiological status and morphology showed no significant changes following DBP phytoremediation. The optimal condition for the DBP phytoremediation of garden lettuce is one critical micelle concentration (CMC) of non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 and the half-life (t 1/2 , days), which calculated by first-order kinetics, was 2.686 days for 5 mg L −1 of DBP. This result indicated that the addition of 1 CMC of Tween 80 could enhance the efficiency of DBP phytoremediation. In addition, the results of biotoxicity showed that the median effective concentration (EC 50 ) of DBP for Chlorella vulgaris is 4.9 mg L −1 . In this case, the overall toxicity markedly decreased following phytoremediation. In the end, the result of proteome analysis showed six protein spots, revealing significant alterations. According to the information of these proteomes, DBP potentially causes osmotic and oxidative stress in garden lettuce. In addition, since DBP had no significant effects on the morphology and physiological status of garden lettuce, garden lettuce can be recommended for use in the plant anti-DBP toxicity test, and also as the candidate plant for DBP phytoremediation. We hope these findings could provide valuable information for DBP-contaminated water treatment in ecological engineering applications or constructed wetlands.

Suggested Citation

  • Chien-Sen Liao & Yoshikazu Nishikawa & Yu-Ting Shih, 2019. "Characterization of Di- n -Butyl Phthalate Phytoremediation by Garden Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia ) through Kinetics and Proteome Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-16, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:6:p:1625-:d:214797
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Renin Chang & Shih-Hao Jien & Chih-Huang Weng & Tsung-Wei Lee & Chien-Sen Liao, 2017. "Fast Removal of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Aqueous Solutions by Using Low-Cost Adsorbents," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-11, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tingting Ma & Linwei Liu & Wei Zhou & Like Chen & Peter Christie, 2019. "Effects of Phthalate Esters on Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Seedlings and the Soil Microbial Community Structure under Different Soil Conditions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-19, September.

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