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Energy Taxes, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Consequences: A Comparative Study of Nordic and G7 Countries

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  • Pinglin He

    (School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
    Beijing Key Laboratory of New Energy and Low-Carbon Development, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing 102206, China)

  • Lu Chen

    (School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China)

  • Xiaonan Zou

    (School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China)

  • Shufeng Li

    (School of Management, Minzu University of China, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Huayu Shen

    (School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China)

  • Jianhui Jian

    (School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China)

Abstract

Based on a panel ARDL (AutoRegressive Distributed Lag) model, this paper investigates the environmental and economic consequences of energy tax levied in the four Nordic countries and the G7 countries from 1994 to 2016. Based on the double dividend theory of environmental tax, this paper investigates five variables: energy tax, energy consumption per unit of GDP, income tax, profit tax and capital gains tax, carbon dioxide intensity and fossil fuel burning ratio. A panel ARDL model is established to empirically test the relationship between energy tax and other variables. Experiments show that both the four Nordic countries and the G7 countries have found the existence of green dividends in the long run: the green dividends of the four Nordic countries are reflected in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, while those of the G7 countries are reflected in the reduction of fossil fuel use. In terms of blue dividends, the implementation of energy tax in the four Nordic countries can not only reduce distorted taxes in the short term, but also promote economic growth and adjust tax structure in the long term. For the G7 countries, blue dividends are not reflected in the long term. The model used in this paper is a panel ARDL model, which is more suitable for the study of multiple countries, multiple variables and long-term cycles. This model has been seldomly used in previous studies. The application of the panel ARDL model in this paper is not only more scientific and applicable, but also more innovative, which makes up for the shortcomings of previous studies. The research object of this paper selects the energy tax, which is an important part of the environmental tax system, and strives to provide a reference for the implementation of environmental taxation priorities and effects through empirical research. This paper may also serve as a reference for other countries to establish and improve environmental tax. As the first environmental tax law in China, the Environmental Protection Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China was formally implemented on 1 January 2018. This paper chooses G7 countries and Nordic countries as the research objects. As these are important economies in the world, their environmental tax implementation is more perfected and has strong representativeness. This study can provide some experience for the continuous improvement of China’s environmental tax law.

Suggested Citation

  • Pinglin He & Lu Chen & Xiaonan Zou & Shufeng Li & Huayu Shen & Jianhui Jian, 2019. "Energy Taxes, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Consequences: A Comparative Study of Nordic and G7 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:21:p:6100-:d:282858
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    7. Umer Shahzad & Magdalena Radulescu & Syed Rahim & Cem Isik & Zahid Yousaf & Stefan Alexandru Ionescu, 2021. "Do Environment-Related Policy Instruments and Technologies Facilitate Renewable Energy Generation? Exploring the Contextual Evidence from Developed Economies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-25, January.
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    13. Xiuqin Zhang & Xudong Shi & Yasir Khan & Taimoor Hassan & Mohamed Marie, 2023. "Carbon Neutrality Challenge: Analyse the Role of Energy Productivity, Renewable Energy, and Collaboration in Climate Mitigation Technology in OECD Economies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-20, February.
    14. Khaddage-Soboh, Nada & Safi, Adnan & Faisal Rasheed, Muhammad & Hasnaoui, Amir, 2023. "Examining the role of natural resource rent, environmental regulations, and environmental taxes in sustainable development: Evidence from G-7 economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PA).
    15. Josef Gotvald, 2024. "The role of environmental taxes and other political instruments on the road to climate neutrality [Role environmentálních daní a dalších politických nástrojů na cestě za klimatickou neutralitou]," Český finanční a účetní časopis, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2024(1), pages 47-76.
    16. Somtochukwu Godfrey Nnabuife & Caleb Kwasi Darko & Precious Chineze Obiako & Boyu Kuang & Xiaoxiao Sun & Karl Jenkins, 2023. "A Comparative Analysis of Different Hydrogen Production Methods and Their Environmental Impact," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-37, November.
    17. Juris Justitio Hakim Putra & Nabilla Nabilla & Fidelia Yemima Jabanto, 2021. "Comparing Carbon Tax and Cap and Trade as Mechanism to Reduce Emission in Indonesia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(5), pages 106-111.
    18. Doğan, Buhari & Chu, Lan Khanh & Ghosh, Sudeshna & Diep Truong, Huong Hoang & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel, 2022. "How environmental taxes and carbon emissions are related in the G7 economies?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 645-656.
    19. Javed, Aamir & Rapposelli, Agnese & Khan, Feroz & Javed, Asif, 2023. "The impact of green technology innovation, environmental taxes, and renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Italy: Fresh evidence from novel dynamic ARDL simulations," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    20. Nino Stameski & Magdalena Radulescu & Vera Zelenović & Vera Mirović & Branimir Kalaš & Nataša Pavlović, 2024. "Investigating the Effects of Environmental Tax Revenues on Economic Development: The Case of Nordic Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-17, September.
    21. Assaad Ghazouani & Wanjun Xia & Mehdi Ben Jebli & Umer Shahzad, 2020. "Exploring the Role of Carbon Taxation Policies on CO 2 Emissions: Contextual Evidence from Tax Implementation and Non-Implementation European Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-16, October.
    22. Mingxia Shi & Yibo Wang, 2023. "Do Green Transfer Payments Contribute to Carbon Emission Reduction?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-18, February.

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