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A Robust and Reversible Watermarking Algorithm for a Relational Database Based on Continuous Columns in Histogram

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  • Yan Li

    (PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
    Institute of Software, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

  • Junwei Wang

    (PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

  • Hongyong Jia

    (Institute of Software, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

Abstract

Due to the discreteness of integer data, there are a large number of gaps and continuous columns in the histogram based on integer data. Aiming at the characteristics, this paper presents a robust and reversible watermarking algorithm for a relational database based on continuous columns in histogram. Firstly, it groups the database tuples according to the watermark length and the grouping key. Secondly, it calculates the prediction errors and uses the absolute values of the prediction errors to construct the histogram. Thirdly, it traverses the histogram to find all the continuous columns and in turn, computes the sum of the height of each continuous column and selects the group of continuous columns that has the largest sum as the positions to embed the watermarks. FCTD (Forest cover type data set) is utilized for experimental verification. A large amount of experimental data shows that the method is effective and robust. Not only does the data distortion caused by shifting histogram columns not exist, but the robustness of the watermark is also greatly improved.

Suggested Citation

  • Yan Li & Junwei Wang & Hongyong Jia, 2020. "A Robust and Reversible Watermarking Algorithm for a Relational Database Based on Continuous Columns in Histogram," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(11), pages 1-12, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:8:y:2020:i:11:p:1994-:d:441777
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yan Li & Junwei Wang & Xiangyang Luo, 2020. "A reversible database watermarking method non-redundancy shifting-based histogram gaps," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, , vol. 16(5), pages 15501477209, May.
    2. Mustafa Bilgehan Imamoglu & Mustafa Ulutas & Guzin Ulutas, 2017. "A New Reversible Database Watermarking Approach with Firefly Optimization Algorithm," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2017, pages 1-14, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tongyuan Huang & Jia Xu & Yuling Yang & Baoru Han, 2022. "Robust Zero-Watermarking Algorithm for Medical Images Using Double-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform and Hessenberg Decomposition," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-19, April.

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    1. Yan Li & Junwei Wang & Xiangyang Luo, 2020. "A reversible database watermarking method non-redundancy shifting-based histogram gaps," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, , vol. 16(5), pages 15501477209, May.

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