Variational Partitioned Runge–Kutta Methods for Lagrangians Linear in Velocities

In this paper, we construct higher-order variational integrators for a class of degenerate systems described by Lagrangians that are linear in velocities. We analyze the geometry underlying such systems and develop the appropriate theory for variational integration. Our main observation is that the evolution takes place on the primary constraint and the “Hamiltonian” equations of motion can be formulated as an index-1 differential-algebraic system. We also construct variational Runge–Kutta methods and analyze their properties. The general properties of Runge–Kutta methods depend on the “velocity” part of the Lagrangian. If the “velocity” part is also linear in the position coordinate, then we show that non-partitioned variational Runge–Kutta methods are equivalent to integration of the corresponding first-order Euler–Lagrange equations, which have the form of a Poisson system with a constant structure matrix, and the classical properties of the Runge–Kutta method are retained. If the “velocity” part is nonlinear in the position coordinate, we observe a reduction of the order of convergence, which is typical of numerical integration of DAEs. We verified our results through numerical experiments for various dynamical systems.