A Video Dual-Domain Blind Watermarking Algorithm Based on Hadamard Transform

Addressing the compatibility challenges surrounding the robustness and reversibility of existing video watermarking techniques, this study introduces a novel video dual-domain blind watermarking algorithm leveraging the Hadamard transform. Specifically tailored for H.264 video copyright protection, the algorithm initially organizes video frames and identifies key frames for watermark embedding. Prior to embedding, the robust watermark undergoes coding preprocessing to optimize its integration. Subsequently, a 4 × 4 block is expanded based on the selected embedding position within the frame, followed by the application of the Hadamard transform to the enlarged block. The 1-bit robust watermark information is then embedded via the coefficient pair located in the first row of the Hadamard coefficient matrix corresponding to the expanded block. Additionally, a reversible watermark, designed to mitigate the distortions introduced during robust embedding, is generated and embedded into the remaining coefficients of the coefficient matrix using reversible embedding techniques. During watermark extraction, the dual-domain watermark can be retrieved exclusively through reversible extraction methodologies by analyzing the size relationship of coefficient pairs, eliminating the need for access to the original video data. To bolster the algorithm’s robustness, a majority-subordinate voting system is devised and implemented, effectively enhancing its resilience. Experimental findings demonstrate that, compared to similar approaches, this algorithm not only enhances the reversibility of video restoration but also exhibits superior robustness and meets the requirements for imperceptibility.