Bifurcation Analysis in a Coffee Berry-Borer-and-Ants Prey–Predator Model

One of the most important agricultural activities worldwide, coffee cultivation, is severely affected by the Coffee Berry Borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei , considered the primary coffee pest. The CBB is a tiny beetle that diminishes the quantity and quality of coffee beans by penetrating them to feed on the endosperm and deposit its eggs, continuing its life cycle. One strategy to combat CBBs is using biological control agents, such as certain species of ants. Here, a mathematical model (consisting of a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations) is formulated to describe the prey–predator interaction between CBBs and an unspecified species of ants. From this mathematical perspective, the model allows us to determine conditions for the existence and stability of extinction, persistence or co-existence equilibria. Transitions among those equilibrium states are investigated through the maximum per capita consumption rate of the predator as a bifurcation parameter, allowing us to determine the existence of transcritical and saddle-node bifurcations. Phase portraits of the system are presented for different values of bifurcation parameter, to illustrate stability outcomes and the occurrence of bifurcations. It is concluded that an increase in bifurcation parameters significantly reduces the CBB population, suggesting that ant predation is an effective control strategy, at least theoretically.