Investigation of Avian Diversity and Habitat Variations in Urban Parks: A Case Study of Xuzhou Quanshan Forest Park

As an important indicator species for ecological environments, birds can effectively reflect the ecological quality of urban parks through their diversity characteristics. This study takes Xuzhou Quanshan Forest Park as an example to systematically investigate avian diversity and habitat variations by using the line transect and direct counting methods. A total of 120 bird species from 16 orders and 40 families were recorded, accounting for 24.89% of the total bird species in Jiangsu Province, 45.28% in Xuzhou City, and 79% in Quanshan District. The results showed that the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) was highest in wetland habitats (H’ = 2.40), while the lowest was found in coniferous forest habitats (H’ = 1.09). Jaccard similarity coefficient analysis revealed the highest similarity of bird communities between broadleaf forests and mixed coniferous-broadleaf forests (Cj = 0.363), and the lowest similarity between wetlands and coniferous forests (Cj = 0.071). From a zoogeographical perspective, widespread species dominated across different habitats. Resident birds were the most abundant, and passerines constituted the highest proportion of all birds recorded. Based on these results, recommendations such as optimizing vegetation structures, expanding wetland areas, and reducing human disturbance are proposed to enhance avian diversity and promote sustainable development of urban ecosystems. This study provides scientific evidence for ecological planning and avian conservation in urban parks.