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Revealing the Spatial Interactions and Driving Factors of Ecosystem Services: Enlightenments under Vegetation Restoration

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  • Ting Li

    (College of Geomatics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
    State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yu Ren

    (College of Geomatics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Zemin Ai

    (College of Geomatics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Zhihong Qiao

    (College of Geomatics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Yanjiao Ren

    (School of Urban Economics and Public Administration, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China)

  • Liyang Ma

    (College of Marxism, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Yadong Yang

    (State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)

Abstract

Large-scale vegetation restoration has caused complex changes in ecosystem service (i.e., ES) interactions. However, current analysis on the spatial interactions of ESs and their driving mechanisms remains deficient, limiting the adaptive management in vegetation restoration areas. This study focused on a representative restoration area (Yan’an) to analyze the relationships among carbon sequestration, water yield, baseflow regulation, and soil conservation from 1990 to 2020. Employing the bivariate boxplot and spatial autocorrelation methods, we identified the overall changes and spatial patterns of ES interactions. The geographically and temporally weighted regression (i.e., GTWR) model was applied to elucidate the driving factors of these spatial ES interactions. The results indicated the following: (1) Over the past three decades, synergies between carbon sequestration and water yield emerged as the joint results of spatial ‘low–low’ interactions and ‘high–high’ interactions between the two ESs, while other ES pairs generally exhibited comparatively weaker synergies, due to their spatial ‘low–high’ interactions in southern semi-humid areas. (2) In the northern semi-arid areas, both fractional vegetation cover (i.e., FVC) and climatic factors consistently exerted negative influences on all ‘low–low’ ES interactions, which caused a reduced area in synergies, while in the southern semi-humid areas, FVC suppressed the ‘low–high’ trade-offs between ESs, indicating the adaptability of grassland restoration efforts. (3) The impact of human activities on ES interactions has increased in the last 10 years, and exhibited positive effects on the ‘low–low’ ES interactions in northern semi-arid areas. However, the expansion of trade-off between soil conservation and carbon sequestration warrants attention. This study offers important insights into understanding the spatial interactions among carbon, water, and soil-related ESs in drylands.

Suggested Citation

  • Ting Li & Yu Ren & Zemin Ai & Zhihong Qiao & Yanjiao Ren & Liyang Ma & Yadong Yang, 2024. "Revealing the Spatial Interactions and Driving Factors of Ecosystem Services: Enlightenments under Vegetation Restoration," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:13:y:2024:i:4:p:511-:d:1375123
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xin Fan & Haoran Yu & Damien Sinonmatohou Tiando & Yuejing Rong & Wenxu Luo & Chan Eme & Shengya Ou & Jiangfeng Li & Zhe Liang, 2021. "Impacts of Human Activities on Ecosystem Service Value in Arid and Semi-Arid Ecological Regions of China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-15, October.
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    1. Onggarbek Alipbeki & Pavel Grossul & Daniyar Rakhimov & Przemyslaw Kupidura & Chaimgul Alipbekova & Gauhar Musaif & Rimma Turekeldiyeva & Kairat Augambaev & Maira Begaliyeva, 2025. "Ecosystem Health Assessment of the Zerendy District, Kazakhstan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-25, January.

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