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Impacts of Rainfall Characteristics and Slope on Splash Detachment and Transport of Loess Soil

Author

Listed:
  • June Liu

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Fangyue Du

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Xike Cheng

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Xiaoqian Qi

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Ning Wang

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Nan Shen

    (State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Chunyan Ma

    (Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration in Shaanbei Mining Area, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China)

  • Zhanli Wang

    (State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China)

Abstract

To identify the key parameters and develop accurate experimental models of detachment and transport, splash detachment and transport of loess soil were investigated in relation to the rainfall characteristics and slope. The experiment was conducted under 25 combinations of five rainfall intensities (60, 84, 108, 132 and 156 mm h −1 ) and five slope gradients (0°, 5°, 10°, 15° and 20°), using a custom splash pan. Raindrop characteristics (diameter, velocity and kinetics) and splash mass were measured in downslope and upslope. The results indicated that rainfall intensity and slope contributed 94.77% and 0.46%, respectively, to the detachment rate, and 24.39% and 67.82%, respectively, to the transport rate. From a holistic viewpoint, the positive effect of slope became more visible on the detachment rate when the rainfall intensity exceeded 108 mm h −1 , and on the transport rate when the slope exceeded 15°. Based on the rainfall simulator in this study, the rainfall kinetic energy ( KE , J), raindrop median particle size ( D 50 , mm) and raindrop terminal velocity ( V , m s −1 ) all increased with increasing rainfall intensity ( I ) within the 60~108 mm h −1 range but decreased with increasing rainfall intensity within the 132~156 mm h −1 range. The rainfall intensity and raindrop characteristics ( D 50 / V / KE ) are the key parameters of splash detachment ( D r , g·m −2 min −1 ), and three detachment models were developed: (1) D r = 0.1153 I 1.09 D 50 0.79 ( R 2 = 0.99, NSE = 0.98, p < 0.01); (2) D r = 0.0162 I 1.11 V 1.22 ( R 2 = 0.99, NSE = 0.99, p < 0.01); and (3) D r = 0.0813 I 1.10 KE 0.18 ( R 2 = 0.99, NSE = 0.99, p < 0.01). The rainfall intensity and slope are the key parameters for splash transport ( T r , g·m −2 min −1 ), and the developed transport models could be expressed as: (1) T r = 0.00657 I 1.343 S 0.116 ( R 2 = 0.914, NSE = 0.874, p < 0.01) (slopes of 0°, 5° and 10°) and (2) T r = 0.00218 I 1.165 S 1.033 ( R 2 = 0.986, NSE = 0.986, p < 0.01) (slopes of 15° and 20°). The results of this study could enhance the understanding of soil splash detachment and transport on loess slopes.

Suggested Citation

  • June Liu & Fangyue Du & Xike Cheng & Xiaoqian Qi & Ning Wang & Nan Shen & Chunyan Ma & Zhanli Wang, 2024. "Impacts of Rainfall Characteristics and Slope on Splash Detachment and Transport of Loess Soil," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-17, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:189-:d:1333452
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tao Liu & Jian Luo & Zicheng Zheng & Tingxuan Li & Shuqin He, 2016. "Effects of rainfall intensity on splash erosion and its spatial distribution under maize canopy," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 84(1), pages 233-247, October.
    2. Mahdi BOROGHANI & Feryal HAYAVI & Hamzeh NOOR, 2012. "Affectability of splash erosion by polyacrylamide application and rainfall intensity," Soil and Water Research, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 7(4), pages 159-165.
    3. Jia WU & Longshan ZHAO & Faqi WU & Zhanbin LI, 2016. "The role of surface microreliefs in influencing splash erosion: A laboratory study," Soil and Water Research, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 11(2), pages 83-89.
    4. Jan PETRŮ & Jana KALIBOVÁ, 2018. "Measurement and computation of kinetic energy of simulated rainfall in comparison with natural rainfall," Soil and Water Research, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 13(4), pages 226-233.
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