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Contribution of Small-Scale Agroforestry to Local Economic Development and Livelihood Resilience: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Zada

    (Business School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
    Department of Management Sciences, Alhamd Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Shagufta Zada

    (Ideological and Political Education Department, School of Marxism, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
    Department of Business Administration, ILMA University, Karachi 75190, Pakistan)

  • Mudassar Ali

    (Department of Management Sciences, Alhamd Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Yongjun Zhang

    (Business School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China)

  • Abida Begum

    (Ideological and Political Education Department, School of Marxism, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China)

  • Heesup Han

    (College of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea)

  • Antonio Ariza-Montes

    (Social Matters Research Group, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, C/Escritor Castilla Aguayo, 4, 14004 Córdoba, Spain)

  • Luis Araya-Castillo

    (Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile)

Abstract

Agroforestry plays a vital role in enhancing environmental sustainability, improving local economies, and reducing poverty through livelihood resilience. Several researchers have studied the importance of agroforestry, but little attention has been paid to livelihood resilience and local economic development in developing countries. This study aims to find the role of small-scale agroforestry in local economic development in the Shangla and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province, Pakistan. In this study, a total of 350 quantitative household surveys, 12 qualitative household case studies, and interviews of experts are used. The ordinary least squares (OLS), linear regression model, household income, wealth index, and five capitals of sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) were used to measure livelihood resilience. Results show several significant findings which may apply on a larger scale and in other cities of Pakistan or other countries. First, it directly shows the association between agroforestry, resilience-building, and local economic development. Second, financial capital can be improved through agroforestry, which can improve other capital assets. Third, small-scale agroforestry brings non-financial benefits such as environmental sustainability, improved living standards, reduced soil erosion, and provided shade. Fourth, irrigation plays a vital role in building livelihood resilience and promoting agroforestry. Lastly, on-farm diversity can be improved through agroforestry. This research discusses several practical implications along with recommendations for future research.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Zada & Shagufta Zada & Mudassar Ali & Yongjun Zhang & Abida Begum & Heesup Han & Antonio Ariza-Montes & Luis Araya-Castillo, 2022. "Contribution of Small-Scale Agroforestry to Local Economic Development and Livelihood Resilience: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-21, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:71-:d:717003
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Nadeem Ullah & Jawad Khan & Imran Saeed & Shagufta Zada & Shanchao Xin & Zhihao Kang & YiKe Hu, 2022. "Gastronomic Tourism and Tourist Motivation: Exploring Northern Areas of Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-17, June.
    2. Yaquan Dou & Ya Li & Ming Li & Xingliang Chen & Xiaodi Zhao, 2023. "The Role of Agroforestry in Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study from Nujiang Prefecture, Southwestern China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-20, August.
    3. Yating Peng & Bo Liu & Mengliang Zhou, 2022. "Sustainable Livelihoods in Rural Areas under the Shock of Climate Change: Evidence from China Labor-Force Dynamic Survey," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-21, June.

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